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大梁girder复式桁架complextruss承受withstand拉伸stretch屈曲buckle断裂break可行的feasible地基土subsoil面板deck柔性的flexible索cable桥台abutment传递transmit相交intersect推力thrustTheamountofbridgetraffic桥梁交通流量jammedtraffic交通堵塞cost费用financing筹款Acquire获取survey勘察Tide潮汐Flood洪水current水流Bore钻孔samplesofsoilandrock岩土试样Girder大梁cantilever悬臂梁truss桁架arch拱suspension悬索location地理位置purposes功用Spanlength跨度Strength强度harmony协调Alloysteels合金钢Steelwires钢丝tension拉力compression压力bending弯曲shear剪力torsion扭矩Staticloads静载vehicle车辆impact冲击vibration振动Dynamicloads动载liveloads活载tremors地震震动Floatingdebris浮物modeltesting模型测试Scale-downmodeltest缩尺模型试验Windtunneltests风洞试验Erect安装cofferdams围堰caissons沉箱piles桩上部结构superstructureFalsework脚手架Floatation浮运cantilevering悬lifting提升suspension悬吊signs标识guardrails护栏SeaWorks海洋工程maritimeengineering海事工程Fishingports渔港marinas码头Reclamationandconservancy填海与保护Maintenance维护estuaries河口Hydraulic水力的Naturalharbor天然海港artificialharbor人工海港Tidalcycle潮汐周期scour冲刷siltation淤积breakwater防波堤Secondarywave次生波Reflectedwave反射波disturbances干扰Bay海湾jetty防波堤mole防波堤locality地区conservancy保护ruin废墟wharf码头alluvial冲积的destructive破坏的bar沙滩anchorage锚地littoraldrift沿岸漂浮物coast海岸maintain保持beach海滩frailty弱点craft工艺indestructibility不可破坏性implement执行outlast比…经久durability耐久性ingress入口egress出口underpin支撑dewater排水hydrauliccement水硬性水泥lime石灰dam水坝retain保持discharge流量hydroelectric水电的navigation航行auxiliary辅助的spillways泄洪道gates闸门valves阀门tunnels隧道pipelines管道evacuate开挖reservoir水库multipurpose多功能的scheme方案conservation保护rockfill填石masonry砌体monolithic整体式的laterally侧向地buttresses扶壁horizontal水平的abutments墩台Site场地investigation调查boring钻孔strata地层shaft钻杆elasticity弹性permeability渗透性stress应力groundwater地下水assess评估seismic地震hydraulic水力的verify验证instruments仪器pressure压力performance性能emergency紧急情况confirm印证assumption假设equation方程variable变量strain应变FiniteElementAnalysis有限单元分析equilibrium平衡Tensilestrength抗拉强度compressivestrength抗拉强度support支撑vertical垂直的load荷载concrete砼cement水泥shrink收缩set凝固harden硬化crack开裂cast浇注blend掺和resistance抵抗aggregate骨料fine-grained细颗粒的flyash粉煤灰filler填充剂volume量additive添加剂surface-activeagents表面活化剂air-entrainingagents引气剂water-to-cementratio水灰比cool冷却extract提取vacuum真空Permeable可渗透的resistance抵抗deterioration侵蚀deformation变形seepage渗透quick流砂fluid流体Earthquake地震seismicallyactiveregion地震活动带stronggroundmotion强地动response响应predict预言degreeoffreedom自由度damping阻尼Highway公路maintenance维护financing筹款traffic交通assess评估layout布局capacity容量route线路preliminary初步的alternate备选的detaileddesign详细设计terrain地形traverse横过photogrammetric摄影测量的stage阶段phase阶段evaluation评价Delay延期expressway高速公路coordinate协调preserve保护propose提议blueprints蓝图earthwork土方工程surfacing路面grading场地平整excavate开挖fill填analyzethegradation颗粒分析compact压缩Surfacing铺面accommodate容纳frequency频率roadway路面sandyclay砂质粘土slag矿碴crushedstone碎石gravel砾石stabilize稳定subgrade路基roller滚压机soil-cement水泥土bituminous沥青的surfacedrainage地表排水crown路冠shoulder路肩openditches明沟stormdrainagesystem暴雨排水系catchbasin集水井runoff径流duration持续时间ponding积水spacing间距precipitation降水量flow水流culvert涵管roughness粗糙度entrance入口downstream下游conduit导管outlet出水口Restfacilities休息设施reststops休息站interstatehighways州际公路access入口noisebarriers隔音墙subgrade路基stakingout放样award授予contract合同detailedplan详细规划specifications说明layout布置indicate标示settlement沉降vibratory振动的maintenance维护signs路标guardrails护栏trafficstriping交通带retainingwalls挡土墙sideslopes边坡supervising监督Soilmechanics土力学lawsofmechanics力学定律hydraulics水力学aggregate集合mineralgrains矿物颗粒organic有机的constituents成份weathering风化threephases三相composition组成heterogeneity不均匀性deposits沉积土retainingwall挡土墙earthpressure土压力equilibrium平衡cohesion粘聚力plasticity塑性sand砂土clay粘土shearing受剪的sliding滑动thesurfaceofrupture破坏面shearingforce剪力approximation近似cohesivesoils粘性土Curvedsurface曲面thesurfaceofslip滑动面Consolidation固结lag滞后settlement沉降waterlogged浸水的samples试样testingonthesite现场试验testinginthelaboratory室内试验internalfriction内摩擦角cohesion粘聚力compressibility可压缩性elasticity弹性permeability渗透性capillarity毛细管作用moisture水份soilparticles土颗粒Tamping夯打load-bearingstrength承载力elasticsoils弹性土expansiblesoils可膨胀土flexible柔性的expand膨胀freezing-thawingcycles冻融循环wetting-dryingcycles湿干循环soilgrains土颗粒planeoffreewater自由水面volume体积stability稳定性instrument仪器stabilimeter稳定计consolidation固结siteinvestigation场地勘察survey调查visualinvestigation肉眼鉴定elaborate详细的subsurface地下的exploration勘探boring钻孔laboratorytesting室内测试Samples试样identification识别classification分类grainsize颗粒大小liquidlimit液限plasticlimit塑限Topography地形geologicalfeatures地质特征outcrop[岩面]露头lakebed湖床weatheredremnants风化残积paleontologicalmaps地质年代图aerialphotographs航空拍照welllogs钻井记录excavation开挖geophysicalexploration地质勘探seismic地震的strata地层propagation传播shockwaves冲击波bedrock基岩reflectedwave反射波proberod探杆penetrationresistance贯入阻力waterjets喷水式推进器augers螺旋钻drilling钻孔chip切片trenches沟pits坑Pneumaticdrilling气动钻diamonddrilling金刚钻boreholes钻孔retain保存inspection验收in-placedensity原位密度Foundation基础multistory多层的footing扩展基础earth-filldam填土坝pile桩基础pilecap桩台foundationsystem基础体系reaction反力impose施加totalsettlement总沉differentialsettlement沉降差withstand承受matfoundation筏式基础slabfoundation板式基础caisson沉箱transfer传递superstructure上部结构transmit传递substructure下部结构Spreadfoundation扩展基础reinforcedconcrete钢筋混凝土plainconcrete素混凝土masonry砌体combinedfooting联立基础cantil