语法知识冠词•冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词。•1.不定冠词的用法。(1)用在可数名词前表示“一个”。eg.Thereisabookonthedesk.(2)表示“某一个”AMr.Whiteiswaitingforyoudownstairs.(3)表示“一类”Ahorseisausefulanimal.(4)a,an与one的区别:a和an强调类别,而one强调数量上的区别。如:Weneedadoctor.我们需要一名医生,强调的意思是“医生”,而不是“教师”“律师”等其他职业。•Weneedonedoctor.则强调:我们只需要一位医生,而不是两位、三位。•(5).表示“每”,相当于per.Weareallowedtodriveatfiftymilesanhour.•(6).与表示数量的词连用abit;agreatdeal;afew;alittle;alotof;agoodmany;anumberof•2.定冠词the的用法•(1)表示文中再次提到的人和物。•eg.Thereisabookonthedesk.ThebookisanEnglishbook.•(2)用在介词短语,分词短语,或定语从句的名词前。•Themanspeakingatthemeetingisourteacher.•themusicofthefilm•ThecomputerJohnboughtyesterdayismadeinNewYork.•(3)表示特指的人或物(即说话时彼此都知道的事物)。•例如:老师要求学生:Lookattheblackboard./•Openthedoor,please.•表示师生都知道的哪个黑板和门。•(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。•如:thesun,theearth,themoon,thecapital,thesky,theuniverse但在innature(在自然界),inspace(在太空)等短语中,nature和space(表示“太空”意思)前通常不用冠词。•(5)用在单数可数名词前表示类指。•注意以下几种类指用法的区别:•Ahorseisausefulanimal.•Thehorseisausefulanimal.•Horsesareusefulanimals.•不定冠词接单数可数名词意思是任何一个,而定冠词接单数可数名词则强调整个类别。•例如:虎面临着灭绝的危险,不能说Atigerisindangerofdyingout.而应说Thetigerisindangerofdyingout(强调全部,整个类别)再比如Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone?而不能说Doyouknowwhoinventedatelephone?•(6)乐器的名称前通常用定冠词。•eg.thepiano,theviolin….•(7)年代、朝代的词前通常用定冠词。•eg.Inthe1990’s,intheTangDynasty,theSpringandAutumnPeriod,intheWarringStatesPeriod•(8)用作名词的方位词前通常用定冠词,用作副词则不用。•n.eg.in/on/tothesouth/north/east/westof..•ontheleft/right•adv.eg.VietnamliesonthesouthofChina.•VietnamliessouthofChina.Turnleft.•(9)在表示阶级、阶层的词前通常用定冠词•eg.therulingclass,theworkingpeople•(10)形容词或分词前用定冠词可表示一类人或事物。•eg.therich,thepoor,theyoung,theold,theliving,thewounded,thebeautiful,•(11)姓氏名词前用定冠词表示一家人或夫妇两人•eg.theCuries,theGreens,theSmiths•(12)表示地理名词的专有名词前通常用定冠词。这样的名词有:江、河、海洋、山脉、岛屿、海湾、海峡等。theYangtzeRiver,theYellowRiver,theAlpes,thePhilippines,thePersiangulf,thePacific,theEnglishChannel•(13)序数词、形容词最高级前通常用定冠词。•thefirst,thebest•注意:*有时在比较级前也须用定冠词。•eg.Heisthetallerofthetwo.•*有时形容词的最高级前也可用不定冠词表示“非常”的意思。•eg.Hangzhouisamostbeautifulcity.•序数词前加不定冠词表示“再一”“又一”•eg:Icould’tmakeasecondtry.•与one,another并列连用时,用athird.•eg:Oneisdeaf,anotherisblind,andathirdislame.(14)在有些国家和民族的形容词前用定冠词表示这个国家人的总称。•theEnglish,theFrench,theJapanese,theChinese•(15).用在人体部位名词前。•Heseizedmebythearm.•(16).与复数名词连用,指全体。•themassestheChinesepeople•(17)用在书报、杂志、经典的名词前:•IamreadingtheChinaDailynow.•TheTimesisaforeignnewspaper.•3.不用冠词的情况。•(1)在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前一般不用冠词。•专有名词一般指人名、地名等前一般不用冠词。如:LeiFeng,Marx,Beijing,Shanghai,America等词前不用冠词。但在含有普通名词的专有名词前通常用定冠词。如:theUnitedStatesofAmerica,thePeople’sRepublicofChina等。当专有名词表示某一特定意义时,前可用冠词。•eg.AMr.Zhangcametoseeyoujustnow.•HeistheMr.Zhangyouarelookingfor.•HeisalivingLeiFeng.•TheShanghaioftodayisquitedifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.•物质名词如air,water,oil,coal,tea等一般•不加冠词,但有些物质名词可以个体化表•示“一种”“一阵”“一杯”“一份”“一场”等,这•时前面可用不定冠词。•eg.Longjingisafamoustea.•I’dliketohaveacoffee.•aheavyrain一场大雨,astrongwind一阵大风,asoup一份汤,abigfire一场大火.•抽象名词一般表示抽象的概念,为不可数。如:news,information,advice,culture,weather,fun等。但也有一些抽象名词可以个体化表示一种、一场、一番等。•eg.Hewantedtogivemeapleasantsurprise.•It’sapleasuretotalkwithhim.•It’sanhonourforyoutohavebeensentabroad.•Thebookisagreathelptome.•asuccess,afailure,anewculture,astruggle,•(2)学科、球类、棋类名词前一般不加冠词。•eg.Mathsisanimportantsubject.•Helikesplayingfootball/chess.•(3)一日三餐名称前一般不用冠词。•havebreakfast/lunch/supper/dinner•但若指具体的某顿饭,尤其是有形容词修饰是要用冠词。•anicedinner•(4)季节、月份、星期前一般不用冠词。•inspring/summer/autumn../Sunday/October..•但若强调某一年的某一季节或月份时应用冠词•inthespringofthatyear•ImethimonaMondaylastmonth.•(5)节日前一般不用冠词。•如:atChristmas,onNationalDay,Children’sDay,Women’sDay等。但在中国的那些传统节日的名称前通常用定冠词。•theSpringFestival,theDragon’sDay,theMid-AutumnDay•(6)在街道、广场、公园、大学等名词前一般不用冠词。•NanjingRoad,WangfujingStreet,BeihaiPark,QinghuaUniversity….•但有少数也加定冠词。•thePeople’sPark,theShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity•(7).在某些独立结构中,不用冠词。•Heenteredtheforest,guninhand.•(8)表示人的职务、官阶的名词在句中做主语补足语、宾语补足语、同位语或表语时前不用冠词。指独一无二的职务前不用冠词。•如,Wemadehimchairmanofthestudents’union.•Hewaselectedmonitoroftheclass.•Asjudge,heisverystrictinhiswork.•(9)表示对应关系的两个词若表示一个概念时前不用冠词。•Fatherandson,husbandandwife,teacherandstudent,townandcountry,enemyandfriend.•(10).泛指名词复数前不用冠词Theyareworkers.•(11).turn/go作“变”,后面的名词前不用冠词。•Hewasateacherbeforeheturnedwriter.(12).称呼语之前不加冠词:waiter,bringmybill,please.(13)家庭称谓如父母兄弟之前不加冠词Fatherisout,butmotherisathome.(14)在以As或though引导的让步状语从句中,表语名词位于句首时,不用冠词.Childasheis,heknowsalotaboutit.FoolasIwas,Ididn’tbelieveeverywordhesaid.•(4)冠词的惯用法。•有些不可数名词在习惯使用中须加不定冠词。•Theyhadagoodtimeattheparty.•常见的类型有:•1)动词转化成名词。•takeabreak,havearest,goforawalk/swim..•2)患…病•haveafever,catchabadcold,haveaheadache/toothache/stomachache…•3)同源宾语•livea..life,diea..death,dreama..dream•有些个体名词表示抽象意义时前不用冠词.•inprison,inhospital,gotochurch,intown,byhand,byradio,gotocollege,gotobed,atschool,inpencil..•有无冠词的区别•1.infrontof在……(外)的前面•inthefrontof在……(内)的前面•There’sagardeninfrontoftheclassroom.•There’sablackboardinthefrontoftheclassroom.•2.inchargeof掌管;负责•inthechargeof在……负责之下•Anexperiencedworkerisinchargeoftheproject.•Theprojectisinthechargeofanexperiencedworker.•3.attable在用饭;吃饭时•atthetable在桌旁•Heseldomtalksattable.•Theysatatthetable,talkinga