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写好段落的三个标准一、段落的统一性一个段落应该只说明一个问题，或一个问题的某一方面；应该只叙述一件事情，或一件事情的某一个阶段。也就是说，一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想以外的句子都是不可取的。一个好的段落应该具有统一性。统一性就是一个中心思想统领整个段落。每个细节都应支持主题句，不应有无关的细节。为了支持主题，要尽可能多地提供细节，但又要避免滥用细节。下图是一个有统一性的段落的结构图。主题句(topicsentence）_______SupportingSentence1__________SupportingSentence2________________SupportingSentence3_____________________SupportingSentence4例文：Millionsofyearsago,AustraliawaslinkedtoAsiabyalandbridge.Thenanearthquakecausedthelandbridgetosink.Thesearushedin,andAustraliabecameanisland.Later,thisislandbecameaBritishcolony.ManyanimalsthatoncewanderedbackandforthacrossthelandbridgewereleftinAustralia.Andkangarooswereamongthem.Thoughtheywerekilledoffbylargeanimalsinotherplaces,theywereabouttosurviveinAustralia.这一段讲的是远古时期的澳大利亚，当时连人类都没有，但然不必提它后来沦为英国的殖民地的事了。此句应删掉。二、段落的完整性一个段落的主题思想靠发展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有发展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。InmyEnglishstudy,Ihavemanydifficulties.Myfirstdifficultyisthatmyvocabularyisnotlarge.TheseconddifficultyIhaveisthatIcannotwritewell.Thethirddifficultyisthatmylisteningcomprehensionisnotgoodenough.NowIhaveaplantostudyEnglishwell.主题句：Ihavemanydifficulties.发展句：具体说明困难Myfirstdifficulty…;Theseconddifficulty…;Thethirddifficulty….结尾句：NowIhaveaplan…篇章结构：分析：本段落看似完整，有头有尾。但由于缺少实质内容—即对学英语的困难的原因的分析，文章显得空洞无物；此外，结尾句讲到了plan,具体内容有没有交待，给人留下话好像没说完的感觉。修改如下：InmyEnglishstudy,Ihavemanydifficulties.Thefollowingaresomeofthem.Myfirstdifficultyisthatmyvocabularyisnotlarge.Asaresult,Icannotreadfastandunderstandwell.AsIamcomingtomiddleage,itisnotsoeasytokeepmanynewwordsinmindquickly.过渡句分析词汇量小的害处进一步分析问题的原因TheseconddifficultyIhaveisthatIcannotwritewell.AsIhavebeenverybusywithmyworkwhichreallydoesn’tneedanyforeignlanguage,IseldomhaveachancetowritesomethinginEnglish.Thethirddifficultyisthatmylisteningcomprehensionisnotgoodenough.ThisisbecauseIhadlittletraininginlisteningwhileIwasatcollege.造成这一问题的原因造成这一问题的原因Togetoverthesedifficulties,Ihaveworkedoutaplan.IplantoreadoneortwopagesofEnglish,suchasChinaDaily,21stCenturyEnglishorsomeeasynovels,inordertomemorizethewordsontheonehandandkeepintouchwiththecurrentnewsontheother.主题句具体措施-1表明目的IwilltrytokeepadiaryinEnglishandpracticewritingatleasttwiceaweek.AndfinallyIwilltrytolistentoEnglishcassettestwoorthreedays.IbelievethatsolongasIpractice,Iwillbeabletoread,write,andunderstandbetter.具体措施-2具体措施-3结尾句，表明态度三、段落的连贯性连贯性包括意连—内在的逻辑型；和形连—使用过渡词语、过渡句等方式。两者常常不可分割。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间没有内在的有机联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。如何取得连贯性的建议1）使用同一时态如果随意而毫无理由地改变时态，那么不管作者连句的技巧多么高超，段落也不可能取得连贯性。在写作时，可以使用现在时或过去时。选用哪一种取决于作者处理材料的方式。2)使用某种逻辑顺序常用的逻辑顺序有：1）时间顺序2）空间顺序3）重要性顺序4）熟悉度顺序3)使用连接成分使用某些连接词和短语，重复某些关键词，可以大大增加段落的连贯性。某些连接词、短语和关键词可以起粘着物的作用，把各部分连接起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。连接成分主要有以下三种：a．连接词语b．代词:代词用于提醒读者注意其先行词，以此把有关的部分连接起来。c．重复关键词语示范段落①Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime．②Oritwasconsideredanunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties．③Butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming．④Anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit．连接词连接词连接词连接词示范段落①Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime．②Oritwasconsideredasunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties．③Butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming．④Anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit．代词代词代词示范段落①Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasviewedasawasteoftime．②Oritwasconsideredasunhealthyescapefromreallifeanditsduties．③Butnowsomepeoplearetakingafreshlookatdaydreaming．④Anditmaybethatmorepeoplearesufferingfromalackofdaydreamingthanaresufferingfromtoomuchofit．重复关键词重复关键词重复关键词开始陈述tobeginwith，tostartwith，let’sbeginwith,firstofall,inthefirstplace，aboveall,atfirst1.Ithoughttodaywasgoingtobereallybad.Tostartwith,itwasraining,andrainydaysmakemesad.2.Idon’tagreethatanimalsshouldliveinthezoo.Tobeginwith,/Firstofall…theyhavenofreedom…3.Atfirst,Ithoughtitmightbeadog,butIcan’tseeadog.4.Ithoughttodaywasgoingtobereallybad.Tostartwith,itwasraining,andrainydaysmakemesad.如何做到行文连贯？其中的一个技巧就是恰当使用连结词。只有恰当使用了语句之间的连接成分，才能使全文结构紧凑。顺序列点/显示事件的先后顺序firstly/secondly/thirdly；first/second/third,then,next,afterthis,afterthat,beforethis,beforethateg.1.FirstIneedyournameandaddress.Second,when’syourbirthday?2.Heevenhandedoutadvertisementsatalocalsupermarket.Thenhetoldtheteachersatschoolaboutthisproblem.3.At8o’clockIhavemath.Idon’tlikemath.Thenat9:00Ihavescience.Next,at10:00,Ihavehistory.4.Afterthat,theywenttotheOutdoorPoolwheretherewasagiantoctopus.表示“另外,还有”what’smore,besides,also,inaddition,still,aswellasNo,Ican’thaveanypetsbecausemymotherhatesthem.Besides,outapartmentistoosmall.Also,pigsneedalotoflove.Still,it’sagreatplacetovisitI’mluckytobehereformysix-monthEnglishcourse.Predictingthefuturecanbedifficultaswellasembarrassing.结束陈述finally，lastly，intheend1.Firstcutupthreebananas，threeapplesandawatermelon.Nextputthefruitinabowl.Thenputintwoteaspoonsofcinnamonandacupofyogurt.Finallymixitallup.2.HethoughtaboutgoingtoGreeceorSpain,butfinallydecidedonCanada.提供例子likeSomechampions,likethegolferTigerwoods,makebillionsofdollarsayear.suchasAlltherestaurantshavefamousfoodfromHolland,suchascheese.forexampleLillianLi,forexample,saidthatthebestwayto