搜索
Lecture21-ingParticipleCollocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsVerbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby–ingparticipleFormof–ingparticipleGrammaticalFunctionsof–ingparticiple-ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作;完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(beingdone)和完成被动式(havingbeendone)。如：Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.Verb+-ingformVerb+object+preposition+-ingformCollocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsP241P242P246-248Thereareverbsthatcanbefollowedeitherbyan–ingparticipleorbyaninfinitive.Withsomeoftheseverbs,thechoicebetweenthetwomakesnodifferenceinmeaning;withothers,however,differentchoicesresultindifferentinterpretations.1)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplewithoutchangeofmeaninga)Afterprocessverbssuchasbegin,cease,continue,startandemotiveverbssuchascan’tbear,deserve,dread,hate,intend,likeloathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,theinfinitiveiscommonlyusedtorefertoaspecificactwhilethe–ingparticipleisusedtorefertoageneralact,e.g.:Philprefersdoingithisway.Hepreferstogobytrainthisevening.b)Afterneed,want,require,deserve,anactive–ingparticiplecanbeusedtodenoteapassivemeaningwhichcanalsobeexpressedbyapassiveinfinitive,e.g.:•Thisletterneedssigningbythemanager.=Thisletterneedstobesignedbythemanager.•Yourcarurgentlyrequiredseeingto.=Yourcarurgentlyrequiredtobeseento.c)Afterbegin,start,eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticipleispossible,butwhentheinfinitiveisastativeverb,itnormallygoeswithbegin,e.g.:•Webegantoseewhathemeant.•Shebegantobelievehisstory.Whenbegin/startisintheprogressive,itisalsoaninfinitive,notan–ingformthatisnormallyused,e.g.:•It’sbeginningtorain.•I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.d)Afterattempt,intendandplan,theinfinitiveismorecommonlyusedthanthe–ingparticiple,butwhentheabove-mentionedverbsareintheprogressive,onlytheinfinitiveispossible,e.g.:Iplannedtogo/goingmyself.WeareplanningtovisitFrancethissummer.2)Eitherinfinitiveor–ingparticiplewithdifferentmeaningsTheverbsthatadmitofeitheraninfinitiveoran–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsfallinto5sub-classes:a)Afterrememberandforget,theinfinitivereferstoasecondactthatfollowsthefirst,andthe–ingparticipletoapreviousevent,e.g.:Can’tyouremembertellingmethestorylastnight?=Youtoldmethestorylastnight.Can’tyourememberit?Youmustremembertotellhimallthat.=Youmusttellhimallthat.Don’tforgetit.b)Afterstop,leaveoff,goon,the–ingparticiplefunctionsasobject,whiletheinfinitiveasadverbialofpurpose.Compare:•TheystoppedwatchingTVat9:30.=At9:30theydidnotwatchTVanymore.•TheystoppedtowatchTVat9:30.=Theypausedat9:30inordertowatchTV.c)Aftertry,mean,can’thelp,thechoicebetweenaninfinitiveandan–ingformdependsonthemeaningoftheprecedingverbitself.Compare:•Yourplanwouldmeanspendinghours.•Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.•Ifyouwanttoimprovethetaste,tryaddingsomesugar.•Philiptriedtoanswereachquestionbyhimself.d)Afteragree,decide,thereisachoicebetweentheinfinitiveand“preposition+-ing”.Compare:•Theyagreedtosharetheremuneration.•Theyagreedonsharingtheremuneration.e)Afterencourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise,authorise,eitherthe-ingparticipleortheinfinitivewithanexpressedlogicalsubjectcanbeused.Compare:•TheyencouragedlearningEnglishbyradioandtelevision.•TheyencouragedmetolearnEnglishbyradioandtelevision.Supplement动词allow,advise,forbid,permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：Pleasepermitmetosayafewwords.Wedon’tpermitsmokinghere.注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：a.当start,begin本身用于进行时态时。Whentheteachercameintotheroom,hewasstartingtowritetohisparents.b.当start,begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearingthenews,hestartedtothinkofagoodwaytosolvetheproblem.c.当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。Wewereabouttoleavewhenitbegantorain.-ing分词的语法作用-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)作主语：Sayingiseasierthandoing.说比做容易。为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.It'sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.在Thereisno结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.这种事开不得玩笑。Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.历史车轮不可阻挡。2)作表语：Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.3)作宾语：①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.②-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：Idon’tthinkitpossiblelivinginsuchacoldplace.我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？③-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：I'magainstinvitinghimtodinner.Theydon’tfeellikewalkingthatmuch.注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：Ihavenodifficulty(in)communicatingwithforeigners.Heusedtospendalotoftime(in)playinggames.Whatcanpreventus(from)gettingmarried?4)作定语：①单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：readingroomswimmingpooldiningcarsleepingcarsingingcompetitionwaitingroom②-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Whoisthecomradestandingbythedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:Whensheappeared,John,wearingadirtyandworn-outovercoat,rantoherwithjoy.5)做状语：-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。①作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when,while引出。如：Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.②作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Notknowinghisaddress,Ican’tsendthis