托福培训丨论新托福阅读中修辞目的题的多变性

托福培训丨论新托福阅读中修辞目的题的多变性朗阁托福培训中心金小洁修辞目的题(rhetoricalpurposequestions)在新托福阅读考试中为必考题，每篇文章一般有0-2题，其题目表达形式常见为：theauthorusesxasanexampleof…whydoestheauthormentionx?whydoestheauthorusetheword…indiscussing…?theauthordiscussesxinparagraphxinorderto…在介绍具体的做题技巧前，我们先详细了解一下什么是所谓的修辞以及它所考察的考生的能力有哪些：托福阅读中的修辞含义很广，包括举例子、下定义、阐述、解释、对比、反驳、强调、批评等。根据官方指南(officialguide)说法，这里的修辞是指有效写作或演讲的艺术，也就是说，某个具体信息可能是为了给某个观点举例子，下定义，或者是为了阐述、解释、对比、反驳、强调、批评某个观点。而这里说的具体信息可能是一个词、一句话甚至是一个段落。如果说事实信息题是问作者给出了哪个细节或信息的话，修辞目的题则是问为什么给出某个具体信息或细节。由此我们可以知道修辞目的题实际考察同学们在阅读中角色转换的能力，也就是把自己想成是作者，揣摩作者写某个词、某句话，或某一段的意图能力。所以考生一定要明白这类题目不是让你理解句意，千万不要以做细节题的思路来解决这类题型。那么如何正确解题？以及到底这类题型有哪些变化呢？接下来我们就来好好的讨论一番。首先，根据上文论述，我们做的第一步就是要找出修辞的逻辑上一层信息。什么意思呢？我们可以发现修辞的目的就是为了一个信息点服务，而在逻辑上分析可以理解成下层信息为上层信息奠定基础。因此，我们需要找寻的答案就是修辞本身所支持的逻辑上一层信息。如何在文中正确的找寻上一层信息？本文将会讲解几个考生比较容易掌握的找寻方法。1.句子细节信息支持句子主干内容对于这一类题目，答案基本上就在同一句话中，所以不需要往句子前或者句子后进行搜索，只要从句子本身分析出发，找出句子中的主干信息和细节信息。请看例子：Notethewordnet:measuringtheactualamountsofgroundwaterseepageintothelakeandoutofthelakeisamuchmorecomplicatedmatterthanmerelyinferringtheirdifference.(TPO24lakewater)4.WhydoestheauthorusethephraseNotethewordnetinthepassage?A.ToemphasizetheimpactofseepageonwaterlevelsB.TopointoutthatseepageiscalculateddifferentlyfromriverflowsandatmosphericexchangesC.TocomparethedifferentmethodsofcalculatingseepageD.Toemphasizethedifficultyofobtainingspecificvaluesforseepageinputsandoutputs注意观察冒号这个符号，意为解释后面的句子主干信息，所以答案为D。Thisfacilitywastheninitsthirddecadeofproductionandwasbeginningtoshowsignsofdecline,perhapsbecauseofoverdevelopment.(TPO21GeothermalEnergy)6.Inparagraph3,whydoestheauthormentionthatinthe1990stheGeyserswasinitsthirddecadeofproduction?A.ToprovidethehistoricalcontextofthegeothermalproductionofelectricityintheUnitedStatesB.ToimplythattheGeyserswasthefirstgeothermalsitetobeputintoproductioninCaliforniaC.TohelpexplainthesignsofdeclineshownbytheGeysersD.Toexplainwhy70newgeothermalsiteswereputintoelectricityproductioninthelate1990s句子前半句出现then,可见前面内容是为了支持后半句and后面的内容。2.整个句子内容是为了论证所支持的逻辑上一层的论点对于此类题目，答案基本上往修辞所在句子的前面或者后面搜索答案。按其特征来看，可以分为以下两类进行分别论述。(1).有明显的逻辑连接词或者态度词作为提醒，答案的位置基本上可以根据提醒词推出在修辞所在句子前面或者后面。逻辑连接词以及态度词有：转折关系：however,but,although,instead,ratherthan等因果关系：because,resultin,resultfrom,consequently,asaresult等递进关系：furthermore,also,moreover等态度类词汇：happy,worried,panic,luckily,fortunately,unfortunately,impatient,curious,anxious,ridiculous,hopeless等请看例子：Onenecessaryconditionseemstobeasomewhatdetachedviewofhumanproblems.Forexample,onesignofthisconditionistheappearanceofthecomicvision,sincecomedyrequiressufficientdetachmenttoviewsomedeviationsfromsocialnormsasridiculousratherthanasseriousthreatstothewelfareoftheentiregroup.(TPO1theoriginsoftheater)11.Whydoestheauthormention“comedy”?A.TogiveanexampleofearlytypesoftheaterB.ToexplainhowtheaterhelpsasocietyrespondtothreatstoitswelfareC.TohelpexplainwhydetachmentisneededforthedevelopmentoftheaterD.Toshowhowtheatricalperformersbecomedetachedfromothermembersofsociety.forexample标志应该往前看，前面是观点后面是例子，所以答案为CForeheadrubbingbymaledeeronbuckrubspresumablysendsagreatdealofinformationtoothermembersofthesamespecies.First,thechemicalsdepositedontherubprovideinformationontheindividualidentityofananimal;notwomammalsproducethesamescent.Forinstance,asweallknow,dogsrecognizeeachotherviasmell.(TPO28BuckRubsandBuckScrapes)5.Whydoesauthormentionthat“dogsrecognizeeachotherviasmell”?A.TopointoutthesimilaritiesbetweendogsanddeerB.ToarguethatanimalscommunicatethroughscentratherthanthroughvisionC.TosupporttheclaimthatthescentofabuckrubservestoidentifyitsmakertootherdeerD.Tosuggestthatrubscanbedetectedbyotherspecies这句话是由forinstance引出的，那么如果要找这个例子的目的，要到前面去找论点。这一段的总论点，就是第一句话，主要是“sendinformationtoothermembers”;first后面是第一个分论点，所以答案应该跟这两句有关，因此选C气味可以帮助identify。AtgreaterdepthswithinEarth,thepressureoftheoverlyingrockcausesporesandcrackstoclose,reducingthespacethatporewatercanoccupy,andalmostcompleteclosureoccursatadepthofabout10kilometers.Thegreatestwaterstorage,therefore,liesnearthesurface.(TPO28Groundwater)1.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthormention“thepressureoftheoverlyingrock”?A.ToshowhowwatercanbeforceddeepunderEarth’ssurfaceB.ToshowwhygroundwaterismoreplentifulthansurfacefreshwaterC.TocorrectacommonlymadeerroraboutthelocationofgroundwaterD.ToexplainwhymostgroundwaterliesnearEarth’ssurface在修辞的描写之后，本段的最后一句出现了therefore。这里也是在说thepressureoftheoverlyingrock导致的结果，也就是文章提到它的目的。其结果是，大部分的水储都在比较表面的地方。所以其目的就是要解释为什么水都在表面的地方，因此选D。Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.ThenowextinctwhaleAmbulocetusnatans(thewalkingwhalethatswam)livedintheTethysSea49millionyearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.(TPO2TheoriginsofCetaceans)9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatansfossilincludedhindlegs?A.Fossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.B.Thelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.C.Thediscoveryallowedscientiststoreconstructacompleteskeletonofthewhale.D.Untilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.通过luckily