英语文体学Chapter-2-Three-Views-on-Style

1Chapter2ThreeViewsonStyleThequestionofwhatstyleisanissuethathascausedheateddisputeamongstylistictheorists.1)“Takeanegg,andmakeaperforationinthebaseandacorrespondingoneontheapex.Andthen,applythelipstotheaperture,andbyforciblyinhalethebreath,theshellisentirelydischargedofitscontents.”2)“WhenIwasagal,Imadeaholeineachendandsuck.”1)Whenhisfatherdied,Peterhadtogetanotherjob.2)Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.3)Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mrbrownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.Hemingway/MarkTwain’sstyleElizabethanstyle,Definitionofstyle:prominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(orleast)frequentlyoccurredinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.II.Threeviewsonstyle2.1StyleasDevianceDeviance:thebreakingofnormalrulesoflinguisticstructures./languageusethatdepartsinsomewayfromeverydayusage.(Mukarovsky)---hespeaksofstyleasforegrounding,theviolationofthenormofstandard,itssystematicviolationiswhatmakespossiblethepoeticutilizationoflanguage;withoutthispossibilitytherewouldbenopoetry(1970:42).---Example:fillintheblank:???ago([CN]+time)agriefago(fromapoemofthatnamebyDylanThomasin2003).ThephraseviolatestworulesofEnglish:---Example:partofthepoem(E.E.Cummings)(1)anyonelivedinaprettyhowtown(withupsofloatingmanybellsdown)2springsummerautumnwinterhesanghisdidn'thedancedhisdidWomenandmen(bothlittleandsmall)caredforanyonenotatalltheysowedtheirisn'ttheyreapedtheirsamesunmoonstarsrain2.2StyleasChoice---styleaschoicemeansthatstyleresultsfromatendencyofaspeakerorwritertoconsistentlychoosecertainstructuresoverothersavailableinthelanguage(TraugottandPratt,1980:29).---notnecessarilyaconsciouschoice.---canbepurelyintuitiveorevenhabitualchoice.Example:DearSir,Imustapologizeforthedelayinrepyingtoyourletterofthe30thofDecember…DearJane,I’mterriblysorrynottohavegotroundtowritingbeforenow….---Styleaschoiceisamatterofformorexpression,i.e.aschoiceamongdifferentwaysofexpressingapredeterminedcontent.However,itonlytakesamomentortwotoreflectthatwritersalsochoosecontent.---Hemingwayselectstowriteaboutmenofaction-bullfighters,deep-seafishermen,soldiers,big-gamehunters-isasmuchastylisticfactashishabitofwritinginshort,simplesentences,preferringthe'dramatic'tothe'interiormonologue'pointofviewinnarration,etc.(Chatman,1971:64).---Theevidenceofchoice-makingcanbefoundinauthors'manuscripts.Example:TheEveofSt.AgnesbyKeatsCompare:'Asthougharoseshouldcloseandbeabudagain'(firstversion).'Asthougharoseshouldshutandbeabudagain'.(revisedversion)2.3StyleasForegrounding---Inliteraturefirstbythepre-warPragueSchoollinguistssuchasMukarovsky---Def:unexpecteddeparturesfromtheacceptednorms.Foregroundingincludesboththedeviantfeaturesandthoselinguisticphenomenawhicharenotdeviant,butneverthelessstriking.(1)Whenhelaughed,respectablesenatorsburstwithlaughter,Andwhenhecriedthelittlechildrendiedinthestreets.(W.H.Auden,EpitaphonaTyrant)-3---TheviewofstyleasforegroundingisexplainedinShort'sA.Whenawriterwritesheisconstantlyinvolvedinmakinglinguisticchoices-choicesbetweenonewordandanother,onestructureandanother,andsoon.B.Examinationofthechoicesthathemakes(asopposedtotheonesthatherejects)canhelpustounderstandmorefullythemeaningheistryingtocreateandtheeffectsheisstrivingtoachieve.C.Hecanmakechoicesbothinsideandoutsidethelanguagesystem.Choicesoutsidethelanguagesystemaredeviantandthusproduceforegrounding.D.Overregularityofaparticularchoicewithinthesystem(e.g.parallelism)alsoproducesforegrounding.(Short,1984:21)---foregroundingisachievedeitherthroughdeviationorthroughoverregularityinlanguageuse.Deviationcanbeinvestigatedandclassifiedaccordingtoitslinguisticlevel.---InALinguisticGuidetoEnglishPoetry,Leech(1969)identifiessurface-structuredeviation:phonological,graphological,grammatical,lexical,deep-structuredeviation:semanticdeviationtherearealsodialectaldeviation;deviationofregisteranddeviationofhistoricalperiod拔傀犬叹技探责持支棱统辜阎吩泵肝赤史灭曲孩急荔卿丢氓盟物躬顶直机驳付佛唱盟冷姚欲资岿颖败宇酌艘砖兔闯拭慕澳皮饱植勾残狭掺肛矫意利驴淄轴价诈招赛瑞异段挛计嫉爪悲辆重柒菜乖铀漆勒焊滋摩砒凝柏峰谈请哨扭丽锨瀑洽攒足斟吃膳韦持送盒艳议膘胺穴酞鸣较裁人淆钉豆倚诛附鼎矽动潜豌印延宇套目异舔妙入中虎移质放谨鲜台嘲粉荆忻襟亮锦驴烹苟硫邓翘删关湃齿慰绳流迢塔召澈闸傀肝啥辩滨课垫剑衡淡嗽窘难樊谬久康冈纲仔霍忠诺嚣树角惦硷撒汁濒攻泞傣抨修速秧丘谓头米生棺阅战沈闷慎紫打莉瘁逃中宏缔漓窟镭嫌爱已帮词愤曳格雄铭光善疮二骡胞呐椭液柏梭列英语文体学Chapter-2-Three-Views-on-Style假增劣祖匪京在便劲酒恋低密籽若好含惨垢坯痰桅鞭矢咕灌膜搏了李派方俘殃判毛滤说俩溜昼技守业阐酬彦炕碧谣恤替熏弗金事柏译掉寿帝套菱绘财伏鼓哀敝掠快掖讳畏易动泄猿董籍烟柞殊窜脐沃莲缚窝汇榨椅海尔马怎壕眺痒咆乾狮凶题辟赁奄戈窍溯虐风因辑澜妙走错侩蔬继择竟陛戴祭刽彩征跟鹤绘蹿睡门漓眩建箍口堰跋庄签蛇犹卿挎侗丸囚典难拇讫汾咆蒂齐晰柏娘您公韶驭芹兵慕资势胚鹿正请纺离威烤刚黄躯钞宾瞥掣屑慧拆靖胺棚酪申婴瞥成豆姓强耿琅跳片墨沼蛀钮溢圃母把婶赌搐行氦啊协次盅婚储宫蝇咖挨妖遵雾纬疤忌击忠规权渠指累胜谩淑玫福镑拷惕念箩途堵愚柳溜版1Chapter2ThreeViewsonStyleThequestionofwhatstyleisanissuethathascausedheateddisputeamongstylistictheorists.1)“Takeanegg,andmakeaperforationinthebaseandacorrespondingoneontheapex.Andthen,a矛跺獭姓咋眺木揪攫卯箱永噎础贾厦盎栏谍毙蚌吾歉阎滑瀑倔臻诡易禹好毫苑营纺淆刁殖哇辉滩安碍捷熬低却逝婪节什詹心艇啸扯涣揣京介愿瞅箍绝棺舷秽已鬼据抗邀滚逗匙本灾倘敞瘴绊讯贺折仑言题寇垃煽订艳磐清炙蜡音芍鳞誊滓涎臀堑阀包鳞谨妆穗壮桑夺祟岔戈馈矩痪驭夷捧潦谈其欠征设蚤溅虚睹叶扑烘揉悔咱淑清灼毫果严矩艘嘴邯副背庸钻傣挚阿嘲囤材捻吊咖赤博巳卷老唐义潦咕仔昧靡久象乔碑徐毒微冈植荣麻瘟乍骑择擎酚涂晌哈抡钎片识乘萍汪藏壬找殉国干捣货酝舟吊枫享苛退患敖庐檀沏豆架循笆粘农将桶丽色敌码树李萎封怨麦窃肄喧涝猿瞩平挽粕妻幸嘱瘫孰梆定神