Chapter-3语言学教程

Linguistics：ACourseBook语言学教程毛峻凌•1.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof____communication.•verbal•2.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed_____.•creativityExercisesofChapter1•3.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis_____.▪metalingualfunction•4.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe_____theory.▪yo-he-ho•5.Thetheorythatlanguagearosefrominstinctiveemotionalcries,expressiveofpainorjoyhasbeencalledthe_____theory.▪pooh-pooh•6.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof_____overwriting.▪speech7.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa_____study.▪diachroniclinguistic8.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesforcorrectlinguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe___.descriptive•9.Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled___.pragmatics•II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue[T]orfalse[F].•1.Dualityisoneofthecharacteristicsofhumanlanguage.Itreferstothefactthatlanguagehastwolevelsofstructures:thesystemofsoundsandthesystemofmeanings.T•2.Prescriptivelinguisticsismorepopularthandescriptivelinguistics,becauseitcantellushowtospeakcorrectlanguage.F•3.Competenceandperformancereferrespectivelytoalanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.T•4.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.F•5.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Asaforeignlanguagelearner,thelatterismoreimportantforus.T•6.Bydiachronicstudywemeantostudythechangesanddevelopmentoflanguage.•T•7.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.•T•8.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.F•9.Inlanguageclassroomsnowadaysthegrammartaughttostudentsisbasicallydescriptive,andmoreattentionispaidtothedevelopinglearners'communicativeskills.T•10.Languageisasystemofarbitrary,writtensignswhichpermitallthepeopleinagivenculture,orotherpeoplewhohavelearnedthesystemofthatculture,tocommunicateorinteract.F11.Saussure'sexpositionofsynchronicanalysisledtotheschoolofhistoricallinguistics.F•12.Appliedlinguisticsistheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.T•Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?•交通灯没有二重性。很显然交通灯不是双层的系统。符号与意义之间只有一一对应的关系，而意义单元不能进一步分为更小的无意义的成分。因此，交通灯跟动物的叫声一样，只有底层没有上层。•红→停•绿→行•黄→准备•Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?•Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-levelsystem.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’calls.•Therearemanyexpressionsinlanguagewhicharemetalingualorself-reflexsives,namely,talkingabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking.Forexample,tobehonest,tomakealongstoryshort,cometothinkofit,onsecondthought,etc.Canyougivesomemoreinstancesoftheseexpressions?•TherearemanyotherexpressionssuchasTotellthetruth,franklyspeaking,asamatteroffact,tobeprecise,inotherwords,thatistosay.•Suchexpressionsareusedmostfrequentlywhenwewanttoexpatiatethemeaningofformerclausesinanotherwayinargumentation.Chapter3FromMorphemetoPhrase2013-9-16Thetheoryofgrammarisconcernedwiththequestion:Whatisthenatureofaperson’sknowledgeofhislanguage,theknowledgethatenableshimtomakeuseoflanguageinthenormal,creativefashion?Apersonwhoknowsalanguagehasmasteredasystemofrulesthatassignssoundandmeaninginadefinitewayforinfiniteclassofpossiblesentences.NoamChomsky,LanguageandMind,1968•clausecomplex•clause•wordgroup/phrase•word•morpheme（词素/形位）AgrammaticalunitThewordmorphemeisderivedfromtheGreekwordmorphe,meaning“form”.Amorpheme---theminimallinguisticunit---isanarbitraryunionofasoundandameaningthatcannotbefurtheranalyzed(alinguisticsign).Everywordineverylanguageiscomposedofoneormoremorphemes.Somewordscontainseveraldistinctuntisofmeaning.intwowords:un-likelyMorphemes:theminimalunitsofmeaningAsinglewordmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:onemorphemeboydesiremorph(“tochangeform)twomorphemesboy+ishdesire+ablemorph+ologythreemorphemesboy+ish+nessdesire+able+ityfourmorphemesgentle+man+li+nessun+desire+able+itymorethanfourun+gentle+man+li+nessanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismABdesirableundesirablelikelyunlikelyinspireduninspiredhappyunhappydevelopedundevelopedsophisticatedunsophisticatedun=notrule-governed☺inspiredun*,sophisticatedun*Weformanegativemeaningofawordnotbysuffixingun-butbyprefixingit.AwordisdeadWhenitissaid,Somesay.IsayitjustBegingstoliveThatday.EmilyDickinson,“AWordisDead”,CompletePoems,1924.Morphology:TheWordsofLanguageThestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercompone