语言学教程-Chapter-3-1

ChapterthreeFromMorphemetoPhraseContents3.1WhatisMorpheme?3.2Whatisword?3.3Wordformation(1)3.4Wordformation(2)3.5Wordgroupandphrase3.1Whatismorpheme?•3.1.1MorphemeandMorphology•Morphemes:•1)Thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.E.g.boys,checking,disappointment.2)Theminimalunitofmeaning3)Thesmallestmeaning-bearingunit•Morphology:•1)Thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents—morphemes.E.g•2)Thesystematicstudyofmorhoemeisabranchoflinguistics,whichinvestigatestheinternalstructuresandrulesofmorphemesbywhichwordsareformed.E.g3.1Whatismorpheme?3.1.2Typesofmorphemes(1)Freevs.Boundmorphemes:Freemorphemes:mayoccuralone,mayconstitutewordsbythemselves.e.g.boy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:cannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwords.e.g.-s,-ed,dis-,un-.3.1Whatismorpheme?•3.1.2Typesofmorphemes•(2)Root,affixandstem•1)Root:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,e.g.friendasinunfriendliness.••Rootsmaybe•■free:thosethatcanstandbythemselves,e.g.black+board;nation+-al;or•■bound:thosethatcannotstandbythemselves,eg-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.•■bothfreeandbound:sleepandchildarefreerootmorphemes,whereasslep-inthepasttenseformofsleep,i.e.slept,andchild-inthepluralformofchild,namelychildren,cannotexistbythemselves,andarehencebound.3.1Whatismorpheme?•3.1.2Typesofmorphemes•(2)Root,affixandstem••2)Affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Normallydividedinto•■prefix(dis-,un-)•■infix(feet)•■suffix(-en,-ify)3)Stem:amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,e.g.friend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.3.1Whatismorpheme?•3.1.2Typesofmorphemes•(3)Inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix•■Inflection:grammaticalendings,suchasplural,tense,comparative,genitive,etc.e.g.drums,walks,taller,Mary’s.•■Derivation:formanewword,e.g.suburban,depart,online;slaver,teacher,workable.Therelationshipbetweendifferentmorphemes•morphemefree:bound:freerootboundrootrootaffixinflectionalderivationalprefixsuffixinfixsuffix3.1Whatismorpheme?3.1.3MorphologicalchangeandAllomorphAllomorph:Amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Thevariantformsofthesamemorphemearecalleditsallomorphs.•Seethefollowingexamples:•ThepluralmorphemeinEnglishcanbe•representedby/s/,/z/,/iz/.Eachisan•allomorphofthepluralmorpheme.•Thepasttensemorphemeofverbcanbe•realizedby–dasinproduced,-edasin•walked,i→oasinwrote.Eachisan•allomorphofthepasttensemorpheme.一、术语解释1.boundroot[四川大学2006研]【答案】Itreferstothebaseformofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,andthisbaseformcouldnotoccuralone,suchas“-ceive”in“receive”.2.Functionalmorpheme[上海交通大学2005研]【答案】Functionalmorpheme.Thisisasubtypeoffreemorphemes,whichoneconsistslargelyofthefunctionalwordsinlanguagesuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,forexample,“and,aboutwhenon,near,the”andsoon.其他考过的术语：allomorph[四川大学2006研]morpheme[浙江大学2005研；武汉大学2008研；四川大学2006，2007研]stem[四川大学2007研；南开大学2004研]inflectionalmorpheme[南开大学2004研]Freemorphemes[西安交大2008研]Boundmorpheme[上海交通大学2006，2007研]inflection[四川大学2007研]compound[四川大学2007研]allophone[北京师范大学2004研]英语专业考研真题精选二、选择题1.otherthancompoundsmaybedividedintorootsandaffixes.[大连外国语学院2008研]A.PolymorphemicwordsB.BoundmorphemesC.Freemorphemes【答案】A2.Whichtwotermscanbestdescribethefollowingpairsofwords:table—tables,day+break—daybreak.[大连外国语学院2008研]A.inflectionandcompoundB.compoundandderivationC.inflectionandderivation【答案】A3.Compoundwordsconsistofmorphemes.[北京第二外国语学院2003研]A.boundB.freeC.bothboundandfree【答案】B三、论述题Whatisthedistinctionbetweeninflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixes?[四川大学2007研]【答案】Thedistinctionbetweeninflectionalmorphemesandderivationalmorphemescouldbeillustratedinthefollowingfouraspects.1.Inflectionalaffixesveryoftenonlyaddaminuteordelicategrammaticalmeaningtothestem,forinstance,thoseinflectionalaffixesinwordssuchastoys,walks,John’s,etc.Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasingleword.Incontrast,derivationalaffixesoftenchangethelexicalmeaning,egcite,citation;generate,generation.2.Inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto,suchasflower,flowers;whereasderivationalaffixesmightormightnot,suchastherelationbetweensmallandsmallnessfortheformer,andthatbetweenbrotherandbrotherhoodforthelatter.3.Veryofteninflectionalaffixesareconditionedbynon-semanticlinguisticfactorsoutsidethewordtheyattachtobutwithinthephraseorsentence.Whereasderivationalaffixesaremoreoftenbasedonsimplemeaningdistinctions.4.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.Butderivationalaffixescanbeprefixesorsuffixes.四、填空题1.Therearetwofieldsofmorphology:thestudyofandthestudyof.[人大2006研]【答案】inflectional；lexical/derivational2.Amorphemeisonethatcannotconstituteawordbyitself.[北京第二外国语学院2003研]【答案】bound3.isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudies