新编简明英语语言学教程-lecture-1

WelcomeTo:语言学概论2CourseIntroduction1.CourseBook戴炜栋，何兆熊，2002，《新编简明英语语言教程》上海：上海外语教育出版社。3CourseIntroduction2.ReferenceBooks胡壮麟，等2001,《语言学教程》(第二版)北京：北京大学出版社胡壮麟，等2007,《语言学教程》(第三版)北京：北京大学出版社42.ReferenceBooksCourseIntroduction刘润清，文旭，2006,《新编语言学教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社G.Yuleon，2000,《语言研究》北京：外语教学与研究出版社53.Generaldescription1.Difficult2.Uninteresting3.ImportantCourseIntroduction64.AssessmentA.Formativeassessment30%1.Attendance2.ClassroomPerformance3.HomeworkB.FinalAssessment70%CourseIntroduction7Chapter1Introduction81.1WhatIsLinguistics?91.1.1Definitionoflinguistics•Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage•Object:languageingeneral•Method:systematicinvestigation10WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?•思考：•1.一个人如果没有有关某一语言的语言学知识，她/他能够流利地讲这一语言吗？•答：可以。•2.刘翔是因为具有了跨栏和跑步的运动力学知识，所以才成为奥运冠军的吗？•答：应该不是。1.1WhatIsLinguistics?11•1.语言是人的一部分。研究语言，人门不得不把焦点瞄准自己，到自己的大脑中去寻找答案。研究与人形影不离的语言，能帮助人类进一步认识自己。（熊学亮2003：1）WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?12•2.语言既是社会现象，是人们相互联系的纽带，但它本身的发生、传递和接受的机制又属于自然现象。语言的这种特殊的性质决定了语言学在科学体系中的特殊地位，即它既是社会科学，又与自然科学有密切的联系，可以说，语言学是介于社会科学和自然科学之间的一门特殊的学科。正由于此，语言学善于从自然科学的发展中吸取相关的理论和方法，推动语言学的发展，而其他人文社会科学又从语言学中吸取相关的理论和方法。语言学是联系社会科学和自然科学的纽带和桥梁。语言学的理论和方法在人文社会科学中处于领先的地位。（徐通锵2001：6-7）WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?13•3.每一语言都包含着一种独特的世界观，个人更多地通过语言形成世界观（洪堡特1936：70-72）。也就是说，每一具体语言都是源出于人，反过来又作用于人，制约着人的思维和行动（姚小平1999：48）。•语言思维现实/科学•现代科学的世界观是根据西方印欧语言的基本语法特征概括而成的。（沃尔夫1940：221）WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?14•4.语言学理论对语言学习和语言教学具有方法论上的指导意义。WhatistheSignificanceofLinguistics?1.1WhatIsLinguistics?15thescopeofLinguistics•思考：•语言可以分为哪些层次？1.1WhatIsLinguistics?16TheCoreofLinguistics•1.Soundphonetics•2.Soundsphonology•3.Wordmorphology•4.Words/sentencesyntax•5.Meaningsemantics•6.Meaninginacontextpragmatics1.1WhatIsLinguistics?17Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics181.Prescriptivevs.descriptive“描写式”和“规定式”•1.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.•2.Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itsissaidtobeprescriptive.1.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics192.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”•1.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.•2.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.1.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics20Page203.langue&parole“语言”和“言语”•ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.•Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.•Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.•ASociologicalView1.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics21Page214.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用•ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.•Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.•Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.•APsychologicalView1.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics225.Speechvs.writing语言/口语和文字•Speechisregardedastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforthefollowingreasons:•A.history•B.function•C.acquisitionorder•如果说语言符号是人类走出动物界的里程碑，那么文字的产生，则是人类由野蛮社会进入文明社会的一个重要标志。（陈宗明2004：109）1.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics231.3.DefinitionofLanguage•Question:•What’slanguage?24Webster'sNewWorldDictionary(Pp.759)•(a)humanspeech;•(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;•(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;•(d)thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem;1.3.DefinitionofLanguage25Webster'sNewWorldDictionary(Pp.759)•(e)'anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;•(f)aspecialsetofsymbols;letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputer;...1.3.DefinitionofLanguage26AGenerallyAcceptedDefinition•Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.3.DefinitionofLanguage27UnderstandingtheDefinition•QS:•1.Whyasystem?•2.Whyarbitrary?•3.Whyvocal?•4.Whysymbols?•5.Whyhuman?•6.Whycommunication?1.3.DefinitionofLanguage28Page28•Languageisasystem—elementsinitarenotarrangedandcombinedrandomly,butaccordingtosomerulesandprinciples.•Languageisarbitrary—thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword(e.g.pen)andthething(e.g.whatwewritewith).•Languageisvocal—theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.•Languageisusedforhumancommunication-itishuman-specific,verydifferentfromsystemsofanimalcommunication.1.3.DefinitionofLanguage291.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage•1.Arbitrariness（任意性）:Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.•30“house”(English)uchi(Japanese)房子(Chinese)Mansion(French)1.5DesignFeaturesofLanguage31Languageisarbitrary(2)•Thesamepronunciationmayhavedifferentmeanings:•fourfor•Thesamemeaningmaybereprese