英语国家概况(英国部分Unit3)

DoYouKnow?FocusIn1GetReady-mainDoYouKnow?1.1WhatistheimpactoftheBritishEmpireonworldhistory?DoYouKnow?1.1-videoII■•BefamiliarwiththehistorybeforetheNormanConquest•UnderstandthefeudalsystemaftertheNormanConquest•LearnaboutthehistoryoftheEnglishReformationandRenaissance•KnowtheEnglishCivilWaranditsconsequences•KnowthemajoradvancementsintheIndustrialRevolution•BefamiliarwiththeVictorianAge•BefamiliarwiththesituationofBritaininthetwoworldwarsFocusIn1.2Romanrule2text-mainReformationThedeclineoffeudalismPrehistorictimesNormanConquestAnglo-SaxonruleCivilWarandRestoration2text-mainBritainsinceWWIIBritaininandbetweenthetwoWorldWarsEnglishRenaissanceVictorianBritainGeorgianBritainEarlymencamefromtheEuropeancontinentandsettledleavingbehindtoolsdatingbacktothelowerPaleolithic(earlyStoneAge)around700,000yearsago.Stonecircles,tombsandtoolsfromtheNeolithicAge(whichbeganfromaround4,400BC)havebeenfoundallovertheBritishIsles.TheStonehengenearSalisburywasanancienttemplebuiltinseveralstagesbetweenabout3,000BCand1,300BC.2.1.1NamesforBritain1.IberiansStonehengeTheCeltsweretribesthatinvadedfromEuropeafterabout800BC.TheyhadcoveredmostoftheBritishIslesby500BC.TheCeltswerehighlyskilledcraftspeoplewithdevelopedknowledgeofhowtomakestrongerweaponsandtoolswithiron:thestartoftheIronAge.TheCeltslivinginBritainwereknownasBritons.2.1.12.CeltsThefirstRomaninvasionofthelandstookplacein55BCunderwarleaderJuliusCaesar.Awell-plannedinvasionby40,000to50,000RomanlegionstookplaceinthesummerofAD43.Itwasamassiveforceforthosedays,andtheBritishtribeswerenomatchforthem.Despitesomerevolts,theRomanssubduedmuchofBritainintheshortspaceoffortyyears.2.1.1NamesforBritain1.RomanInvasionMapofRomanBritainRomanspushednorth,andbuiltthenetworkofstraightroadsacrossthecountry,mostofwhichcanstillbefollowedtoday.TheypushednorthintoScotlandandbuiltagiganticwall,Hadrian’sWall,tocontrolthefrontier.OthermarkstheRomanEmpiremadeonBritainincludevillas,forts,baths,andaqueducts,whichcanbefoundalloverBritaintoday.InAD410RomanEmperorConstantinefinallyremoved2.1.1NamesforBritain2.RomanoccupationHadrian’sWall2.1.1thewholegarrisonofBritaintodefendtheRhinefrontierfromattack.TheyneverreturnedtoBritain,butleftbehindarichlegacyincludingChristianity,wordswithLatinorigins,Romannumbers,thesolarcalendar,laws,andalegalsystem.2.Romanoccupation1.Anglo-Saxonconquest2.1.2Angles,SaxonsandJutes,threeGermanictribesfromthenorthwesternEurope,invadedEnglandinaboutAD449.TheAnglessettledintheeastern,central,andnorthernportionsofEnglandlayingfoundationsforthelaterkingdomsknownasEastAnglia,Mercia,andNorthumbria.TheSaxonsalsosettledinEnglandcultivatingthelaterkingdomsofSussex,HeptarchySussex,Wessex,andEssex.TheJutessettledinKentandtheIsleofWight.TheAnglo-SaxonseventuallyformedsevenseparatekingdomsknownastheHeptarchy.KingArthurwasalegendaryBritishleaderofthelate5thandearly6thcenturies,who,accordingtoMedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenceofRomano-CelticBritainagainstSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.TheRoundTableisKingArthur’s2.1.1NamesforBritainTheRoundTableArthur’sfamedtableintheArthurianlegend,aroundwhichheandhisKnightscongregate.Asitsnamesuggests,ithasnohead,implyingthateveryonewhositstherehasequalstatus.2.KingArthur2.1.1NamesforBritainFromaboutAD793,theVikingsfromDenmark,NorwayorSweden(knownasDanes)begantoinvadeBritain.Afteratimeofplunderandraids,theybegantosettleinnorthernandeasternEnglandincludingYork(calledJorvikbytheVikings)asanimportantcentre.AlfredtheGreatfoughtagainsttheVikingsandkeptcontrolofthesouthofEngland.However,AlfredtheGreat3.TheVikinginvasion2.1.2However,theVikingslaterdefeatedtheSaxonsandtherewereseveralDanishkingsofEnglandbeforetheSaxonkingsEdwardtheConfessorandHarold.3.TheVikinginvasion1.WilliamI2.3RuleoverEnglandfluctuatedbetweentheSaxonandDanish/Norwegiandescendantsforthefirsthalfofthe11thcentury.In1066whenEdwardtheConfessordied,Harold,England’sforemostmagnateandbrother-in-lawofthelateKing,ascendedthethrone.However,WilliamofNormandy(Edward’scousin),andHaraldofNorwayallhadaclaimtothethrone.Invasionwastheresultofthissituation.KingHarolddefeatedHaraldattheBattleofStamfordBridgeinlateSeptember,butfellinbattleagainstWilliaminOctoberatHastings,atownonthesouthcoastofEngland.Thiswasthedefiningmomentof2.3BattleatHastingswhatisnowknownastheNormanConquest.WilliamwaseventuallycrownedkingonChristmasDay,1066andwasstyledWilliamI.1.WilliamI2.3AftertheNormanConquest,WilliamIinitiatedmanymajorchanges.Heundertookchurchreformtakingcommandovertheadministrationofchurchaffairs,andestablishedseparateecclesiasticalcourts;commissionedthecompilationoftheDomesdayBook(1086),WilliamI(1086),asurveyofEngland’sproductivecapacitysimilartoamoderncensus.Healsoorderedmanyfortsandcastles,amongthemtheTowerofLondon,tobebuiltacrossEngland.HisconquestalsoledtoNormanFrenchreplacing1.WilliamI2.3replacingEnglishasthelanguageoftherulingclassesfornearly300years.UnderWilliamI,feudalismwasstrengthenedinEnglandandevolvedintothemanorialsystem,inwhichaboundpeasantrywassubjecttotheruleoflandlords.1.WilliamI2.32.HenryIIHenryIIwasthef