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专题十二特殊句式和主谓一致一、一般疑问句用法例句以系动词be开头的疑问句Areyouastudent?你是学生吗?以助动词开头的疑问句DoyouspeakFrench?你说法语吗?以情态动词开头的疑问句Canyoudance?你会跳舞吗?【即学活用】1.—__________thereanylivingthingsonotherplanets?—Ihavenoidea.Maybewecanknowmoreaboutthatinthefuture.2.—__________youeverbeenabroad?—No,Ihaveneverbeentoaforeigncountry.3.—__________heusuallygetupsolate?—Heseldomgetsupearlybecausehealwaysgoestobedtoolate.答案:1.Are2.Have3.Does二、特殊疑问句引导词用法例句常用疑问代词what什么;who谁;whom谁(who的宾格);which哪个(些);whose谁的Whatareyoudoing?你在干什么?常用疑问副词when何时;where何地;how怎么;why为什么Whereareyougoingtomorrow?明天你去哪儿?常用疑问短语whattime什么时刻;howmany/much多少;howoften多久一次;howsoon多久;howlong多长时间;howold多大(年龄)—Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?——你来这儿多久了?—For10minutes.——十分钟了。【即学活用】1.—__________areyouleavingforShanghai?—Nextweek.2.Doyouknow__________Jeffisgoingtodowhenhefinishesschool?3.—__________areyoualwaysstayingupsolatethesedays?—Toprepareformyfinalexam.4.—How__________istheWorldCupheld?—Every4years.5.Ifoundawalletatthegate.__________isit?答案:1.When2.what3.Why4.often5.Whose三、反意疑问句1.反意疑问句的两种基本句型。基本句型例句肯定陈述句+否定简略问句LucyisfromEngland,isn’tshe?露西来自英格兰,不是吗?否定陈述句+肯定简略问句Anndoesn’tlikeapples,doesshe?安不喜欢苹果,对吗?注意:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简单的问句。完成后一部分简单问句时,要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问,前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。2.反意疑问句的特殊形式。①当陈述部分是“therebe+主语+其他”结构时,反意疑问部分要用“be(not)+there”结构。例如:Therearesomebananasinthebasket,aren’tthere?篮子里有些香蕉,是吗?②当陈述部分有hardly,seldom,few,little,no,never,nothing,nobody,nowhere等否定词或半否定词时,反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。例如:Hehardlyremembershisoldfriend’sname,doeshe?他几乎不记得他的老朋友的名字了,对吗?③肯定祈使句的反意疑问部分用willyou或won’tyou皆可。否定祈使句的反意疑问句部分用willyou。例如:Besuretowritetous,willyou/won’tyou?一定要给我们写信,好吗(不好吗)?Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?请不要在会议室吸烟,好吗?④在宾语从句中,如果陈述句部分是“Ithink(believe,suppose,imagine,expect等)+宾语从句”,反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致,并要注意否定转移。例如:Idon’tthinkyouhaveheardofhimbefore,haveyou?我认为你以前没有听说过他,是吗?【即学活用】1.—Don’tbelateforschoolnexttime,__________you?—No,Iwon’t.2.Wehavetofinishtheworknow,__________we?3.Nancy,sweeptheclassroom,__________you?4.—It’sFather’sDaytoday,__________it?—Yes,let’sbuyagiftforDad.5.Ihearthetallgirlwearingglassesisyournewclassmate.She’sfromAmerica,__________she?答案:1.will2.don’t3.will4.isn’t5.isn’t四、感叹句类别结构例句以how引导How+adj.+a/an+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!Howcleveraboyheis!多么聪明的男孩!How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语!HowquicklyTomruns!汤姆跑得真快!以what引导What+a/an+adj.+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatabeautifulmountainitis!多么美丽的山啊!What+adj.+复数可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatgreatinventionshehasmade!他的发明多么伟大啊!What+adj.+不可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatbadweatheritistoday!今天的天气多么糟糕啊!【巧学妙记】感叹句,并不难,what或how摆在前。强调名词用what,其余how很简单。名词若是可数单,前带冠词a或an。主语谓语放在后,省略也是很常见。【即学活用】1.—Listen!Someoneisplayingthepiano.—Wow!__________beautifulmusic!Ilikeitverymuch.2.—__________anicedaytoday!—Yeah,let’stakeawalkoutside.3.__________importantitisforkidstoimaginefreely!4.__________abeautifulskirtitis!5.—Wow!__________colditistoday!—Yes.I’mafraiditwillbecoldertomorrow.答案:1.What2.What3.How4.What5.How五、祈使句1.肯定形式的祈使句。Do型动词原形(+宾语)+其他成分Pleasehaveaseat.请坐。Be型Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分Bequiet!安静!Let型Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分Letmehelpyou.让我帮助你。2.否定形式的祈使句。(1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don’t构成。例如:①Don’tforgetme!不要忘记我!②Don’tbelateforschool!上学不要迟到!(2)Let型的否定式有两种:“Don’t+let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分”和“Let+宾语+not+动词原形+其他成分”。例如:Don’tlethimgo./Lethimnotgo.别让他走。(3)有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。例如:Nosmoking!禁止吸烟!【即学活用】1.Daniel,_____playwiththemobilephonewhileyou’rewalkinginthestreet.2.________(not,walk)onthegrass,oritwill“cry”.3.______(be)kindandhelpfultothepeoplearoundus,andwewillmaketheworldanicerplacetolivein.4.Please______(go)overyourexampapersonceagainbeforehandingthemin.5._____(not,forget)togivemydogsomefoodandchangeherwaterwhileIamaway.答案:1.don’t2.Don’twalk3.Be4.go5.Don’tforget六、语法一致1.语法一致原则,就是句子的谓语动词同句子的主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是第三人称单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词也用第三人称单数形式;当主语是第一、第二、第三人称复数形式时,谓语动词也用复数形式。TomisanEnglishboy.汤姆是一个英国男孩。2.语法一致原则的其他用法。(1)用and或both...and...连接的名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。TomandMikearegoodfriends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。(2)不定代词something,somebody,someone,everything,everybody,everyone,anything,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,either,neither等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Isthereanythingwrongwithyourcar?你的汽车有毛病吗?(3)由every...,every...and...,each...,each...and...作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Everyboyandeverygirlwasgivenanewbook.每个男孩和女孩都收到了一本新书。(4)由with,togetherwith,aswellas等词连接并列主语时,谓语动词的数和前面的主语保持一致。TomwithhisgoodfriendsisgoingtoBeijingnextweek.汤姆和他的好朋友下周将去北京。(5)lotsof...,plentyof...,分数或百分数+名词作主语时,其谓语动词的形式取决于其后面的名词。如果是单数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果名词是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数形式。Threefifthsofthestudentsareboys.五分之三的学生是男孩。(6)由cup,bottle,pair等计量单位名词修饰的名词充当主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数形式由计量单位名词的单复数形式决定。Fifteenpairsofshoesaremadebyhimeveryday.他每天做十五双鞋子。(7)某些复数形式的名词(如clothes,pants,shorts,shoes,gloves...)作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。Myshoesarewornout.我的鞋子穿坏了。(8)动词不定式、动名词或句子作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。Readingislearning.读书就是学习。Whathesaidistrue.他说的话是真的。【即学活用】1.Everyday,toomuchwater________(be)wastedinourschool.Weshouldsaveit.2.Everyoneinourclass________(encourage)totakepartintheEnglishSpeechContest.3.Marywithherparentsoften________(go)forawalkintheparkaftersupper.4.EverybodyexceptMikeandLinda_____(be)therewhenthemeetingbegan.5.—Howmanywomendoctorsarethereinyourhospital?—Thenumberofthem__________(be)overtwenty.答案:1.is2