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语法专题十一构词法[考点解析]一.转化法即兼类词，在不同的语境中，名词动用，动词名用等。例如：Cookwasthefirsttomaptheeastcoast.库克是第一个画东部海岸地图的人。…theybeachedtheshipontheshorewheretheycouldrepairthedamage…他们把船靠岸，在那里进行修理。InJulytheysetsailagainandheadedsouthandwestinsearchofanewland.七月份，他们又扬帆起航了，为寻找新大陆向南方和西方航行。像这样的转化词在我们高中英语教材中可以找到许多，你也许只学过其中的一种词类的用法，但根据词类的转化，你不难看懂这些句子。再如下列例子中画线部分均为兼类词。Thehousecanhousemanypeople.这房子可以住下好多人。Themountainareasinthesouthareheavilyforested.南部山区森林茂密。Hehadabadheadacheandneededquiet.他头痛得厉害，需要安静。二，合成法英语的合成词有合成形容词，合成名词，合成动词，合成副词，合成代词等。具体看结构巧建图表。三。派生法亦称词缀法或缀合法，具体看结构巧建图表。这是三种构词法中最活跃的一种，大约有三分之二的英语单词都是用这种方法构成的。因此，掌握一些常用派生词的构词规律对于我们正确拼写单词和在阅读中猜词能力的培养就显得尤为重要。在英语的派生词中，词根决定词的根本意义，前缀改变词义，后缀引起词类的改变（个别后缀还会改变词义）。如：a-后跟名词或动词，常构成表语形容词，有些也可作副词用如：alone,aside,ahead,aloud.―in-―在―m‖之前变体为―im-―，在―l‖之前作―il-‖，在―r‖之前作―ir-―；―non-―和―en-―则常加在名词或形容词之前。但前者所构成的词仍然是名词或形容词，而后者却构成了动词。―un-―常用于动词或形容词之前。其派生词仍为动词或形容词。有时候，，你在阅读中会碰到既有前缀又有后缀的派生词，只要你确认它的词根，你就可以猜到她的含义。如：independent,disorderly,inattention,rebroadcast,non-communism,nonconductor,undeveloped,intercultural,unrealizable.unrecognizable,etc.构词法图表祥解：合成词raincoat,wheelchair,earthquake,seaweed,necklace,etc.world-wide,world-famous,well-known,low-lying,man-made,warm-hearted,life-long,wide-open,etc.underline,whitewash,overthrow,dumbfound,etc.however,maybe,wherever,whenever,beforehand,etc.himself,everyone,nobody,something,etc.合成名词合成形容词合成动词合成副词合成代词前缀派生词前缀a-n./vdis-v.意义在……上；向……；在……状态中否定，除去，分开例词asleep,alone,ahead,afraid,alive,aloud,aside,awake,etc.disappear,dislike,disagree,discover,disappoint,etc.in-,il-,im-,ir-+adj.不，非incorrect,impolite,impossible,illegal,irregular,etc.mis-v.误mistake,misunderstand,mislead,misread,etc.re-v.重复，再rewrite,retell,reunite,rebuild,remarry,etc.non-+n./adj.非。无。不non-stop,non-smoker,non-smoking,etc.un-adj不unwell,unsafe,unable,unhealthy,unknown,unfair,etc.在……内，相互，……之间置于……之中，使之……微，小小，少international,inter-factory,etc.enjoy,encourage,enlarge,enable,etc.microcomputer,etc.minibus,miniskirt,etc.inter-+n./adj.en-n.adj.micro-n.mini-n.后缀派生词名词后缀v.–er/orn.-ese意义表人或用具某国，某地人例词farmer,baker,visitor,cooker,cutter,etc.chinese,Japanese,Portugese,etc.n.-ian某国，某地人；某种职musician,Egyptian,Asian,Russian,etc.业或地位的人n.-ist某种主义或职业者artist,scientist,communist,etc.v.-mentadj.-nessv.-tion行为或其状态性质，状态行为，状态government,movement,achievement,etc.illness,sadness,carelessness,etc.invention,liberation,organization,etc.v./adj.抽象；行为。性质。状importance,appearance,absence,existence,-ance/encen.-thn.-fuladj.-ability态性质，情况（满的）量抽象；性质。状态difference,performance,presence,etc.depth,length,width,etc.handful,spoonful,mouthful,etc.possibility,disability,etc.形n.–al属于……的physical,national,political,etc.容词n.-ann.-ernn.–ful/less属于某地方的方向及性质（没）有……的American,African,Italian,etc.southern,northern,eastern,western,etc.helpful,useful,hopeful,harmful,careless,homeless,hopeless,etc.n.-blen.-ishv.-iven.-yn.-enn.-ous具有……性质的如……的有……倾向的多……的由……制成的有（性质）的reasonable,terrible,changeable,etc.foolish,English,Spanish,selfish,etc.active,expensive,attractive,etc.cloudy,windy,dirty,snowy,stormy,etc.golden,wooden,woolen.etc.famous,dangerous,poisonous,etc.动词副词-fy-ize-en-ly-ward(s)…….化使成为……使变成……状态，程度向……beautify,satisfy,terrify,etc.apologize,realize,recognize,etc.thicken,deepen,widen,etc.badly,truly,angrily,perfectly,etc.towards,forward,outward,upwards,etc.数词-teen-ty-thfourteen,eighteen,thirteen,etc.forty,fifty,sixty,fifty,etc.twelfth,Twentieth,etc.[高考示例]【例一】2005北京春季高考WeaskedJohnandJerry,but______ofthemcouldofferasatisfactoryexplanation.A.eitherB.noneC.bothD.neither提示：本题题意是：我们问了John和Jerry，但是他们都不能提供满意的解释。“两者都不‖用neither表示。none表示―三者或三者以上都不‖。答案：D【例二】2005全国高考IIThepooryoungmanisreadytoaccept______helphecanget.A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whenever提示：此题考查名词性从句的引导词，该引导词必须引导宾语从句而用作从句中get的宾语。B。D两项在句中作状语时用。A项必须体现具体范围。答案：C【例三】2005安徽高考My______ofthisweekend’sactivityisgoingoutwithsomegoodfriends.A.ideaB.opinionC.mindD.thought提示：opinion侧重于某事的―看法，意见‖；mind为想法，感觉‖；thought为―思考。观念‖；idea为―想法，计划，念头‖。答案：A【例四】2005浙江高考IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood______ofdirection.A.ideaB.feelingC.experienceD.sense提示：haveagoodideaof…意思为“对……非常了解”；feeling为“感觉”；experience为“经历，经验”；sense为“感知，感应”。haveagoodsenseofdirection意思为“有很好的方向感”。答案：D。【例五】2004上海高考Theenvironmentalistssaidwildgoats’______onthevastgrasslandswasagoodindicationofthebetterenvironment.A.escapeB.absenceC.attendanceD.appearance提示：escape意思为“逃跑”；absence意思为“不在，缺席”；attendance为“出席，到场”；appearance意思为―露面,出现‖.此句话的意思为“环保主义者说野山羊在草地上的出现，是环境变好的迹象”。答案：D[触类旁通]1．Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem,Jacklooked______aboutathisclassmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely2.Thechildrenplayingunderthetalltreeliveinavillage______.Theycomeherealmosteveryday.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.nearby3.Theblackpeoplewerestronglyagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir______bravely.A.freeB.freelyC.freedomD.frees4.Mr.Blackisan______inthearmy,notan______inthegovernment.Youcannoteasilyfindhiminhis______.A.official;officer;officeC.official;official;officialB.officer;official;officialD.officer;official;official5.Diannahasgotthejobbecauseshehadthe______overothersofknowingmanylanguages.A.advanceB.a