一、数学符号翻译12/156twelveoveronehundredandfifty-six234/567twohundredandthirty-fouroverfivehundredandsixty-seven4%fourpercent7‰sevenpermill6.79sixpointsevennine52.3threepointtwofiverecurring85xtheeighthrootofxtothefifthpower53xxtotheminusthreefifthsdxxfba)(fisintegrableon[a,b]32)(dxxffisintegrableon[2,3]xfthepartial(derivative)offwithrespecttoxyfthepartial(derivative)offwithrespecttoy5log3thelogarithmoffivetothebasethreexalogthelogarithmofxtothebaseaBAAcapB/AmeetB/AintersectionBBAAcupB/AjoinB/AunionBAaaisanelementofABbbisanelementofB二、名词翻译functiontheory函数论schematicrepresentation图解表示geometry几何学trigonometry三角学consequence推论proposition命题theorem定理pyramid棱锥cone圆锥abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标coordinatesystem坐标系coordinateaxis坐标轴polygonalregion多边形区域tangent切线slope斜率complex-valuedsequence复值序列convergence收敛realvaluedsequence实值序列divergence发散rationalnumber有理数irrationalnumber无理数oddnumber奇数evennumber偶数prime质数、素数composite合数plane平面surface曲面brokenline折线Venndiagram文氏图universalset全集theunderlyingset基础集propersubset真子集quadraticequation二次方程theabsolute-valuefunction绝对值函数parabolicsegment抛物弓形三、中译英(1)17世纪之前,人类局限于初等数学,即几何,三角学和代数,那时只考虑常数。Before17thcentury,manconfinedhimselftotheelementarymathematics,i.e.,geometry,trigonometryandalgebra,inwhichonlytheconstantswereconsidered.(2)两个整数的和、差或积是一个整数,但是两个整数的商未必是一个整数。Thesum,difference,orproductoftwointegersisaninteger,butthequotientoftwointegersneednotbeaninteger.(3)设X是线性空间V中k个元素组成的一个线性无关集合,L(X)是由X张成的子空间。那么,L(X)的每一个元素都可以表示成X的元素的线性组合。LetXbeanindependentsetconsistingofkelementsinalinearspaceVandletL(X)bethesubspacespannedbyX,theneachelementofL(X)canbeexpressedasalinearcombinationofelementofX.(4)若P(A)P(B),则称事件A比事件B有更大的可能性;如果P(A)P(B),则称事件A至少和事件B的可能性一样大。TheeventAiscalledmorelikelythanBifP(A)P(B),andatleastaslikelyasBifP(A)P(B).(5)微分方程的研究直接受到力学、天文学和数学物理的推动。Thestudyofdifferentialequationshasbeendirectlyinspiredbymechanics,astronomy,andmathematicalphysics.(6)由定义导数的过程所提供的几何解释以一种自然的方式导出了关于曲线的切线的思想。Theprocedureusedtodefinethederivativehasageometricinterpretationwhichleadsinanaturalwaytotheideaofatangentlinetoacurve.(7)一个复值序列收敛当且仅当它的实部和虚部分别收敛。Acomplex-valuedsequenceconvergesifandonlyifboththerealpartandtheimaginarypartconvergeseparately.(8)几何主要不是研究数,而是形,例如三角形,平行四边形和圆,虽然它也与数有关。Geometrymainlystudiesnotnumbersbutfiguressuchastriangles,parallelogramsandcircles,thoughitisrelatedwithnumbers.四、英译汉1、Twoeventsaresaidtobemutuallyexclusivewhenbothcannothappenatthesametime.IfEdenotesanevent,thentheeventthatEdoesnothappeniscalledthecomplementaryeventofE,andisdenotedbyE.Obviously,EandEaremutuallyexclusive.Sinceaneventeitherhappensordoesnothappen,thesumoftheirprobabilitiesis1.两个事件若它们不能在同一时间都发生时我们称这两个事件是互斥的。如果E表示一个事件,然后E不会发生的事件称为E的补充性事件,并由表示E。很明显,E和E是互斥的。因为对于事件发生或不发生,其概率的总和是1。2、Thuspqistrueifbothpandqaretrueorifbothpandqarefalse.ThefollowingareEnglish-languageequivalentstopq:“pifandonlyifq”,”pisanecessaryandsufficientconditionforq.”and“ppreciselyifq.”Itisworthemphasizingthatthecompoundpropositionpqanditsconverseqparequiredifferent;theyhavedifferenttruthtables.因此pq是真的,在p和q同时为真或同时为假时成立。以下是英语语言描述,等同于pq:p当且仅当q,p是q的必要和充分条件和p准确如果q.值得强调的是复合命题pq和它的逆命题qp是不同的,他们有不同的真值表。3、Wenowintroduceanaturalgeneralizationofpartialderivatives.Inthedefinitionof),(001yxf,thenumeratorofthedifferencequotientusedinvolvesthevalueof),(yxfattwopoints),x(00yxand),(00yx.Asxapproacheszero,thefirstpointapproachesthelatteralongtheliney=0y.For),(002yxfapoint),(00yyxapproaches),(00yxalongthelinex=0x.Wenowreplacethesetwospeciallinesbyanarbitrarylinethrough),(00yx.我们现在介绍的偏导数的自然推广。由),(001yxf中的定义,所使用的差商的分子涉及),(yxf在),x(00yx和),(00yx两个点的值。当x接近零,第一点沿直线y=0y接近后者。对于),(002yxf点),(00yyx沿直线x=0x趋向),(00yx。现在我们通过一个任意经过点),(00yx的线来更换这两个特殊的线。4、Thewholenumbershavemanyimportantsubsets.Awholenumberissaidtobeevenifitisdivisibleby2;2,6and18areexampleofevennumbers.Awholenumberissaidtobeoddifitisnotdivisibleby2;1,7and13areexamplesofoddnumbers.Thenaturalnumbersgreaterthan1andcalledprimeorcomposite.Anumberisprimeifitisdivisibleonlyby1anditself.Anumberiscompositeifitisdivisiblebyanaturalnumberotherthan1anditself.整数集有很多重要子集。当一个整数可以被2整除时,我们通常称它为偶数,例如2,6和18是偶数。当一个整数不能被2整除时,我们通常称它为奇数,例如1,7和13是奇数。对于那些大于1的自然数,可以相应称为素数和合数。数A是质数,如果它是只能被1和自身整除。数A是合数,如果它能够能被1和本身以外的自然数整除。5、Some-whereintheprocessofsolvingafirstorderdifferentialequation,anintrgrationisrequiredtoremovethederivativeyandinthisstepanarbitraryconstantCappears.在解一阶微分方程的过程中,为了消去导数y,需要在某一步进行积分,这时候就出现了一个任何常数。6、Amatrixwiththesamenumberofrowsandcolumnsiscalledasqarematrix.Andannth-ordersquarematrix,whichisdenotedbynnA,consistsof2nnumberswithnrowsandncolumns.Foranymatrixwithrealnumbersentries,thereisasssociatedauniquenumbercalleddeterminant,designatedbyA.Also,issaidtobeadeterminantofordern.具有相同数量的行和列的矩阵称为一个方阵。对于一个N阶方阵nnA,它是由包括n行和n列的共计2n数字组成的。对于任何实数矩阵都有与之相关的一个唯一的数,我们称此数为行列式,记为A。此外,它也称为n阶行列式。。