《英语国家概况》美国篇,期末整理

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—《英语国家概况》•美国•第1页—TheUnitedStatesofAmericaPart1TheCountryandTheAmericanIdentityCommon-senseKnowledge1、全称:TheUnitedStatesofAmerica(美利坚合众国)2、简称:theUnitedStates;theU.S.;America.3、NationalAnthem:《星条旗永不落》TheStar-SpangledBanner(同时可以叫做国旗)1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。4、NationalFlower:Rose5、Jetlag:About16hours(westofAmerica),and13hours(eastofAmerica).(了解)6、TheCapital:WashingtonD.C.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号:山姆大叔(UncleSam)Location1、Canadaonthenorth;MexicoandtheGulfofMexicoonthesouth;AtlanticOceanontheeast;PacificOceanonthewest.2、Thelargestcountryintheworld:Russia,Canada,China,America,brazil,Australia.3、50statesintotalAlaska—thelargest;RhodeIsland(罗德岛州)—thesmallest;Texas(德克萨斯州)—thelargestonthemainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山,中间一条河。Theeasternpart—thehighlandsformedbytheAppalachianRange(阿巴拉挈亚山脉).Thewesternpart—RockyMountains(落基山)—thegreatbackboneofNorthAmericaTheMississippiRiver—fatherofwaters6、TheGreatLakes(1)LakeMichigan密歇根湖—whollywithintheUnitedStates唯一全在美国境内(2)LakeErie伊利湖和LakeOntario安大略湖间有NiagaraFalls尼亚加拉大瀑布(3)LakeSuperior苏必利尔湖—世界上最大的淡水湖(4)无特色的LakeHuron休伦湖—《英语国家概况》•美国•第2页—Climate1、MainlytemperatewithsomemildsubtropicalzoneswithonlythesouthernFloridaandHawaiibeingtropical.大部分是温带大陆性气候。2、TheNortheast东北部著名城市有:(1)Boston波士顿(2)NewYork纽约:①Situatedonthreeislands—ManhattanIsland(曼哈顿岛),LongIsland(纽约长岛)andStatenIsland(斯塔顿岛)atthemouthofHudsonRiver(哈德逊河).②Fiveboroughs—Manhattan(曼哈顿),Brooklyn(布鲁克林),Bronx(布朗克斯),Richmond(里士满)andQueens(纽约皇后区).③theheadquarteroftheUnitedNations(联合国总部)④Thestatueofliberty自由女神像TheformalnameisLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld.3、TheSouth南部著名城市有:NewOrleans(新奥尔良);Miami(迈阿密);Atlanta(亚特兰大)4、TheMidwest—thebirthplaceoftheRepublicanParty共和党的诞生地中部著名城市有:(1)Chicago—thewindycity;secondmostpopulouscityafterNewYork(NewYork最多)5、TheWest西部著名城市有:(1)SanFrancisco圣弗兰西斯科/旧金山有GoldenGateBridge(金门大桥)(2)LosAngels洛杉矶有Hollywood(好莱坞)位于California加州TheAmericanIdentity(People)1、人口构成复杂TheWhite75%;NativeIndians&Hawaiians0.9%(不到1%);TheBlack12%;TheAsians43%;MixedRaces2.5%.TheUnitedStatesisanationofmanyethnicgroups,makingita“meltingpot”(大熔炉).2、Unevendistribution人口分布不均东北多西南少Themostdenselypopulatedregion—thenortheasternpartTheGreatPlains—acomparativelysmallpopulationTheSouth—apopulationofalmost57.5millionpeopleTheWest—notdenselypopulated3、CivilRightsMovement民权运动MartinLutherKing—“IHaveaDream”—《英语国家概况》•美国•第3页—4、Hispanics—theSpanish-speakingpopulationoftheUnitedStates第二语言SpanishThreemajorHispanicgroups:Mexican-Americans;PuertoRicans;Cuban-AmericansPart2History整理脉络:发现新大陆——殖民——独立战争——联邦政府的建立——内战——西部大扩张——两次世界大战中的美国——当下的美国发现新大陆时期:1、MountRushmore总统山/拉什莫尔山,位于南达科他州。2、哥伦布Columbus发现新大陆。3、Name的由来:AmerigaVespucci(阿美利歌-韦斯普奇)provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafterhim.4、NativeAmericans—theIndians5、In1565,theSpanishestablishedthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlement(移民地)inthecontinentalU.S.atSt.Augustine,Florida.最早移民为西班牙人。6、JohnCabotwasthefirstEnglishexplorertotraveltotheNewWorldandclaimedthefirstpieceoflandforEnglandbytheendofthe15thcentury.7、最早有13个殖民地。1607-1733,英国在美国建立13个殖民地。TheywereVirginia,Maine,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,Connecticut,NewYork,RhodeIsland,Maryland,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,NewJersey,PennsylvaniaandGeorgia.8、In1620,AgroupofEnglishPuritans(英国清教徒),nowknownasthePilgrimFathers(清教徒先祖/朝拜者),landedatCapeCod(科德角),nearBoston,afterailinginthesmallshiptheMayflower“五月花号“formonths.LandedatnowknownPlymouth,Massachusettes.注意:“五月花号”9、ThanksgivingDay1863年,美国总统林肯宣布每年十一月的第四个星期四为感恩节。首个庆祝的感恩节在1621年。殖民地时期:1、北美十三个殖民地2、ThereasonsofEuropeans‘comingtoAmerica(看下即可)(1)Theneedforincreasedtrade;—《英语国家概况》•美国•第4页—(2)ThezealofSpanishprieststoconvertthenativeIndianstoChristianity;(3)TheneedofEuropeanreligiousandpoliticaldissentersforrefugefrompersecutionintheirhomelands;(4)Thethirstforadventureofsomeindividuals.独立战争时期TheWarofIndependence/Americanrevolution:1、TheCauses:①Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,thepeopleinthecolonieswantedmorepowertodeterminetheirownbusiness(自决权).ButthepolicyoftheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrol(把经济发展控于股掌)andcollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.②TheBostonTeaParty(波士顿茶叶事件):In1773,severaldozenBostonresidentsdressedasIndiansboardedtheshipsoftheBritishEastIndiaCompany(登上英国东印度公司的船)andthrewtheteaintotheharbor.注意:波士顿茶叶事件TheBostonTeaParty、1773年和英国东印度公司theBritishEastIndiaCompany2、TheContinentalCongress大陆会议,中英文会表达。以下表格很重要。TimePlace备注TheFirstContinentalCongress1774Philadelphia费城TheSecondContinentalCongress1775Philadelphia费城与莱克星顿的枪声ThefireofLexington同在1775年发生,时隔三周。3、InSeptember,1783,theTreatyofParis巴黎条约wassigned.BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.注意:巴黎条约的签订代表了美国的真正独立。联邦政府的建立时期Establishmentofafederalformofgovernment:领土扩张和西进运动时期TerritorialexpansionandthewestwardMovement:1、ForcedEnglandtogiveuptheOldNorthwest(迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区)2、PurchasedtheLouisianafromNepoleon.(1790’s)向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州(使得国土面积变身原先两倍)3、ForcedSpaintocedeFloridaandtheGulfcoast迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸4、TexasaddedtotheUnion(1845)1845年,德克萨斯加入联邦(1845年之前,德克萨斯属于墨西哥)5、ObtainedCaliforniaandNewMexicofromMexicobythewarwithMexico(1846-1848)从墨西哥战争1846-484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