学习与记忆Learning&Memory北京大学神经科学研究所NeuroscienceResearchInstitute,PekingUniversity主讲教师:王韵Neuroscience概述IntroductionBehaviorGenesEnvironmentLearningandmemoryBeneficialHarmfulInterestingquestions•Whataremajorformsoflearning?•Whattypesofinformationabouttheenvironmentarelearnedmosteasily?•Dodifferenttypesoflearninggiverisetodifferentmemoryprocesses?•Howismemorystoredandretrieved?目录Contents概念Concepts学习及记忆的基本过程ProcessofLearningandMemory学习的基本类型WaysofLearning记忆的基本类型WaysofMemory学习及记忆的突触机制SynapticMechanismsofMemory中枢突触可塑性与学习记忆CentralSynapticPlasticityandLearning&Memory学习及记忆的分子机制MolecularMechanismsofMemory递质的调节RegulationofNeurotransmittersNeuroscience概念Concepts学习(Learning):theprocessbywhichweacquireknowledgeabouttheworldviathenervesystem人或动物通过神经系统接受外界环境信息而影响自身行为记忆(Memory):theprocessbywhichthatknowledgeisencoded,storedandlaterretrieved获取的信息或经验在脑内贮存和提取(再现)的神经活动过程ReturnNeuroscience学习与记忆的基本过程(ProcessofLearningandMemory)•Acquiredorencoded获得(识记或登陆):感知外界事物或接受外界信息(外界刺激)的阶段,也即通过感觉系统向脑内输入讯号—学习过程•Consolidated巩固:获取的信息在脑内编码贮存和保持的阶段•Retrieved再现:将贮存于脑内的信息提取出来使之再现于意识中的过程--回忆过程returnNeuroscience非联合型学习Nonassociativelearning学习的基本形式WaysofLearning习惯化habituation—repeatnon-noxiousstimuli-reducedresponse敏化Sensitization-harmfulstimuli—vigorouslyresponsetoallstimuli联合型学习Associativelearning经典式条件反射Classicalconditionedreflex操作性条件反射Operantconditionedreflex或称器具性条件反射InstrumentalconditionedreflexReturnNeuroscience记忆的基本形式WaysofMemoryFirstOrderMemorySensoryMemory外界信息输入遗忘(信息丢失)注意不重复遗忘SecondOrderMemory重复ThirdOrderMemory可能遗忘再现终生不忘Short-termMemoryLong-termMemory不注意Neuroscience按时程进行分类记忆时程及其特点的比较记忆时程信息贮存时间(S)脑内可能的神经机制举例感觉性记忆1感觉讯号传向大脑,在皮层感觉区传递的时程在查找字典上的某个词时,对其他的词一闪而过第一级记忆数秒钟特定的神经信息在有关神经通路中往返传递一短时间,其化学机制可能是关键大分子的可逆性构象变化查到一个电话号码,拨完后即忘第二级记忆数分钟至若干年蛋白质合成增加,突触功能增强及突触结构修饰等。神经信息影响mRNA或基因表达经历中的重要事件第三级记忆终生脑内新突触形成或突触结构不可逆变化本人姓名,年龄、生日等Return•按信息储存和回忆的方式分类•陈述性记忆(declarativememory)或称外显性记忆(explicitmemory)-进入意识系统,比较具体,可以清楚地描述•非陈述性记忆(nondeclarativememory),反射性记忆(reflexivememory)或称内隐性记忆(implicitmemory)--无意识成分参加,只涉及刺激顺序的相互关系,贮存各事件间相关联的信息,只有通过程序性的操作过程才能体现出来Neuroscience陈述式记忆与非陈述式记忆的区别陈述式记忆非陈述式记忆含义进入意识系统,比较具体,可以清楚描述无意识成分参与,只涉及刺激与顺序之间的相互关系,贮存各个事件之间相互关联的信息,只有通过顺序性操作过程才能体现出来速度快慢参与的脑结构大脑皮层及某些特异的脑区(内侧颞叶及间脑)只激活与该项记忆有关的感觉系统和运动系统纹状体--技巧,习惯简单的经典条件反射-杏仁核,小脑突触水平机制突触前与突触后神经元同时兴奋的联合机制突触前神经元的易化机制:突触前神经元与有关的调制神经元的联合机制脑内记忆系统•陈述性记忆的神经回路--需要边缘系统参与大脑皮层V1→V2,V3,V4边缘系统内侧颞叶内侧丘脑腹内侧额叶基底前脑胆碱能系统Neuroscience颞下回嗅皮层、杏仁复合体和海马MotimerMishkin非陈述性记忆的神经回路-边缘系统及运动系统共同参与大脑皮层尾核苍白球运动系统丘脑边缘系统伏隔核VIPGLuGABAGABADANeuroscience学习记忆的神经基础•短时记忆与长时记忆是整个记忆过程的不同阶段,具有不同的神经机制短时记忆的读出机制易受影响长时记忆相对稳定短时记忆--神经可塑性变化长时记忆--与脑内某些长期性的功能和结构新蛋白质的合成Neuroscience•非联合型学习记忆的机制记忆的突触机制SynapticMechanismsofMemory•联合型学习记忆的机制习惯化的机制—突触效能减弱敏化的机制—突触前易化时间特异的、活动依赖的突触前易化FigFigFigReturnNeuroscience突触效能减弱的机制习惯化的机制Mechanismsofhibituation突触前感觉神经元末梢递质释放量减少递质释放减少的可能机制可动员的突触囊泡数目减少ReturnNeuroscience突触前膜N型Ca2+通道失活敏化的机制MechanismsofShortTermSensitization突触前易化的机制突触前易化使突触效能增强Gs-proteinATPcAMPPKA激活K+channel关闭AP时程↑ReturnACNeuroscience5-HT感觉神经元5-HTR中间神经元K+电导↓Ca2+内流↑N-typeCa2+ChannelopenL-typeCa2+ChannelopenvesiclemobilizedtoactivezoneTransmitterreleaseGo-proteinPLCDAGPKC联合型学习的突触机制ReturnNeuroscienceK+channel关闭→K+电导↓AP时程延长Ca2+内流↑CSAC激活5-HT→5-HTRCa2+内流↑USG-ProteincAMP↑↑↑特异的、时间依赖的突触前易化突触前易化的可能的分子机制FigFigNeuroscienceLTPinmossyfiberpathwayisnon-NMDAmediated,presynapticinduction,nonassociativeCa2+influxinpresynapticneuroncAMPPKAactivatedb-adrenergicreceptorsadenylylcyclaseCA3长时程增强(Long-TermPotentiation,LTP)海马的长时程增强--海马的结构ModulatoryinputLTPinCA1LTPinCA1isassociative,NMDAreceptordependent,presynaticandpostsynapticinductionTwofeaturesdifferfromthatofLTPinCA3•Cooperativity(协同性):requiresactivationofseveralafferentaxonstogether•Associativity(联合性):requiresconcomitantactivityinbothpresynapticandpostsynapticcellstoadequatelydepolarizethepostsynapticcell•LTP产生的必要条件ActivationofsynapseStrongdepolarizationofpostsynapticcellinCA1•引起突触后神经元去极化的条件Ashighasenoughfrequency-EPSPtemporalsummationAsmanyasenoughsynapse-EPSPspatialsummation•诱导CA1LTP产生的突触后因素postsynaticdepolarizaionactivationofNMDAreceptorsinfluxofCa2+activationbyCa2+ofseveralsecond-messengersystemsinthepostsynapticcellNeuroscienceLTPHasaTransientEarlyandaConsolidatedLatePhaseEarlyLTP--onestimulustrainproducesanearly,shorttermphaseofLTP,lasting1-3hours-NonewproteinsynthesisLateLTP--FourormoretrainsinduceamorepersistentphaseofLTPthatlastsatleast24hours—requiresnewproteinandRNAsynthesisMechanismsofEarlyLTPActivitychangesofAMPAreceptorInfluxofNa+RetrogradesignalgeneratorGluisreleasedfrompresynapticcellAMPAreceptorNMDAreceptorRemovetheblockageofMg2+toNMDAreceptorCa2+influxinpostsynapticcell→activationofproteinkinasesSingletrainofAP→depolarizationofthemembraneofpostsynapticcellNO?MechanismsofLateLTPRepeatedtrains→depolarizationofthemembraneofpostsynapticcellRemovetheblockageofMg2+toNMDAreceptorCa2+influxinpostsynapticcellCa2+/calmodulinAdenylylcyclasecAMPkinaseactivationMAPkinasecAMPPCREB-1CREEffectors(tPA,BDNF)NewsynapseRegulators(C/EBPb)长时程抑制(Long-termDepression,LTD)•CA1区的LTD低频刺激诱导Ca2+解除Mg2+对NMDA受体的阻断作用Fig突触蛋白磷酸化高频刺激[Ca2+]i5mm→蛋白激酶低频刺激[Ca2+]i1mm→蛋白磷酸