Chapter_IV-名词从句-郭鹏的副本

概念：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。引导词:1.连接词:that,if,whether2.连接代词:who,what,which,whose,whom以及wh+ever系列3.连接副词:when,where,why,how引导词的作用1.连接词只有连接的功能而不在从句中充当句子成分。2.连接代词和连接副词不但有连接的功能，同时还要在从句中充当特定的句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语。每句话的主语都是一个单词吗？①Waterisimportantforourhealth.②Drinkingenoughwaterisimportantforourhealth.③Thatweshoulddrinkenoughwaterisimportant1.that引导的主语从句，置于句首，不能省略。1.Thathewillcometotheconferencehasexcitedeveryoneofus.2.Thatinsomecountrieswomenarestilltreatedunequallyisunfair.3.Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.2主语从句能用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(主语从句）放在后面。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A.It+be+形容词(well-known,obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.Itisprobablethathetoldhereverything.如：It’sapitythatwecan’tgo.It’snosurprisethatourteamshouldhavewonthegame.C.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。ItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madeearthsatelliteintoorbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D.固定句型①Itappears/seemsthat…（似乎……）②Ithappensthat…（碰巧……）③Itoccurredtomethat…（我突然想起……）e.g.ItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.E.It+doesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.Itmakesnodifferencewhereweshallhavethemeeting.F.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek?下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Doesitmattermuchthattheywillnotcometomorrow?他们明天不来很要紧吗？G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet!孩子们这么安静真奇怪！1.WhetherJohnwilldothisexperimentremainsaquestion.2.Whethersheiscomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.3.Whethertheworkcanbecompletedisdoubtful4.Itisdoubtfulwhether/iftheworkcanbecompleted.4关系代词who,what,which,在从句中既作连接词又充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。1.Whowillbesentabroadtofurtherhisstudiesisnotannounced.2.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthatsuchalittlegirlcouldplaytheviolinsowell.3.Whichschoolwillwintheprizeisnotknown.4.Whosedictionaryhasnotbeenfoundisstillunknown.5.Whicheveryoutakewillbeyours.6.Whoeverwantsthisbookmaytakeit.7.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.5用连接副词when,where,how,why在从句中充当时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语1.Whentheywillstarthasn’tbeendecidedyet.2.Wheretheheroinewentisnotmentionedattheendofthestory.3.Howhemanagedtofinishthecompositioninsuchashorttimeisstillamystery.4.Whyheoftencomeshereisknowntousall.判断下列三句话的宾语成分Iknowthemovie.Iknowhowtorideabicycle.Iknowthathewantstohelpme.1动词宾语从句⑴连接词that，通常可以省略。如：Hetoldusthathefeltill.Iknowhehasreturned.注：that在引导宾语从句时也并非任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。①EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)②Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)④Wedecided,inviewofhisspecialcircumstances,thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod.(主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)⑤Hetoldmethatifitwasnecessarytheywouldworkallnight.(宾语从句中有其他从属连词时，that不能省略。)⑵形式宾语it宾语从句①find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有宾语补足语，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofwatereveryday.IhavemakeitarulethatIkeepdiaries.WethoughtitstrangethatXiaoWangdidnotcomeyesterday.Hehasmadeitclearthathewillnotgivein.②在take,hide,seeto,insiston,dependon等动词以及一些表示爱好的动词（enjoy,hate,like,love,don‘tmind,resent等）之后，形式宾语it可直接跟宾语从句。Itakeitthathe’snotinterestedinthebook.Shehiditthatshewasmarried.Idon‘tlikeitwhenyoulookatmelikethat!③it不能作由连接代词whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever引导的宾语从句的形式宾语。Youmaydowhateveryouwill.I‘lltakewhicheverbookinterestsme.Wearereadytoofferhelptowhoeverneedsit.⑶doubt（怀疑）的肯定句接if/whether引导的宾语从句，但否定句和疑问句接that引导的宾语从句。Idoubtwhether/ifhewillsucceed.Idonotdoubtthathecanrecitethepoem.Doyoudoubtthathewillwin?2、介词宾语从句⑴一般情况下，介词后用wh-类连词引导宾语从句。如：Hewasdeeplydispleasedbywhathadoccurredthatday.Iwalkedovertowhereshesat.有时介词可以省略。如：Idon’tcare(for)whomarrieshim.Becareful(asto)howyoudothat.⑵介词except,but,besides,in后偶尔也可以用that引导宾语从句,that不能省略。Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheiscareless.Iknownothingaboutmyneighborexceptthatheworksinacompany.Hewouldhavefailedbutthatyouhelpedhim.若不是Hedifferedfromhisclassmatesinthathedevotedhissparetimetoreading.因为3形容词的宾语从句某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：IamnotsurewhatIoughttodo.I’mafraid（that）youdon’tunderstandwhatIsaid.4if和whether引导宾语从句用法区别⑴if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和ornot连用，if一般不与ornot连用。如：Iwonderwhetheritistrueornot.⑵用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较：Pleaseletmeknowifyouwanttogo.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.5宾语从句的语序和其他名词性从句一样，宾语从句必须使用陈述语序，不能用疑问语序。HowcanIgettothestation/Canyoutellme→CanyoutellmehowIcangettothestation?Whatdoeshelike/Iwonder→Iwonderwhathelikes.Wherewereyouborn/Heasked→HeaskedmewhereIwasborn.Heaskedmewhatwasthematter.他问我出了什么事。(thematter=wrong)Heaskedmewhatthematterwas.他问我那是什么物质。6宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1)当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需