苏丹位于非洲东北部,红海西岸。北邻埃及,西接利比亚、乍得、中非共和国,南毗刚果(金)、乌干达、肯尼亚,东接厄立特里亚。东北濒临红海,海岸线长约720公里。苏丹全国气候差异很大,自北向南由热带沙漠气候向热带雨林气候过渡,最热季节气温可达50℃,全国年平均气温21℃,长年干旱,年平均降雨量不足100毫米。苏丹地处生态过渡带,极易遭受旱灾、水灾和沙漠化等气候灾害。SituatedinnortheastAfricaandalongthewestcoastoftheRedSea,SudanisborderedbyEgypttotheNorth,adjoinedbyLibya,Chad,andtheCentralAfricanRepublictothewest,closedtoCongo(DRC),UgandaandKenyatothesouth,andneighboredbyEritreatotheeast.TheclimateinSudanrangesgreatlyfromthetropicaldesertclimateinthenorthtothetropicalrainforestclimateinthesouth.Annualaveragetemperatureofthecountryis21℃,withthehighesttemperatureofalmost50℃inthehottestseason.Theaverageprecipitationperyearislessthan100mmduetoperennialdrought.Withitslocationintheecologicaltransitionalzone,Sudanishighlypronetodroughts,floods,desertificationandotherclimatedisasters.非洲大陆面积第3大国,面积1,915,813平方公里。(曾是非洲面积第一大国,2011年7月9日,苏丹南部独立,成立南苏丹共和国,苏丹土地面积由原非洲第一位退居第三位。)该国位于非洲东北部,红海沿岸,撒哈拉沙漠东端。国家的名字源自于阿拉伯语Bilad-al-Sudan,字面意思为“黑(人)的土地”,首都喀土穆,曾被失败国家指数列表评为世界上最不安定的国家,归咎于军政府在达尔富尔战乱问题上的专制统治。同时,南苏丹于2011年举行投票,就是否脱离苏丹共和国的统治而独立作出选择。2月7日投票结果公布,苏丹南部近99%的民众同意南部脱离苏丹共和国。苏丹总统承认和接受这一结果,同时美国表示将在今年7月承认苏丹南部独立,7月8日,苏丹承认南苏丹共和国独立。7月9日,南苏丹正式宣告独立。本次设计铁路全线位于北苏丹共和国内。SudanisthethirdlargestcountryinAfrica,withanareaof1,915,813squarekilometers(Itusedtobethelargestone.ButonJuly9,2011,thesouthernpartofSudangotindependenceandRepublicofSouthSudanwasfounded,resultinginthenarrowedterritoryofSudan).ThecountryisinnortheastAfrica,alongthecoastlineoftheRedSeaandattheeastendofSahara.TheCountry’snamecamefromtheArabicBilad-al-Sudan,literallyblack(people)oftheland.Khartoumservesasthecapital.Sudansufferedtheinfamyoftheworld'smostunstablecountryinthelistoffailedstatesindex,attributabletotheauthoritarianrulesofthemilitarygovernmentonthewarinDarfur.SouthernSudanheldavoteonitsindependencefromtherulesoftheRepublicofSudanin2011,andachievednearly99%votesinfavorfrompeopleinsouthernSudanaccordingtotheresultsunveiledonFebruary7.SudanesePresidentrecognizedandacceptedtheresults,andtheUnitedStatesclaimedthattheindependenceofSouthernSudanshallberecognizedinJuly.OnJuly8,theRepublicofSouthSudanformallydeclareditsindependence.ThewholelineoftherailwaydesignedhereislocatedwithintheRepublicofNorthSudan.2.社会经济SocietyandEconomy苏丹是联合国宣布的世界最不发达国家之一。SudanisamongtheleastdevelopedcountriesdeclaredbytheUnitedNations.农业人口占80%。农牧产品出口占出口总值的90-95%。长绒棉产量仅次于埃及居非洲第二位,阿拉伯树胶产量居世界第一位,还产玉米、高粱、花生、芝麻、椰枣等。畜牧业较发达,多羊、牛和骆驼。工业有食糖、油料加工、化工、炼油、纺织、缝纫和制鞋。小规模开采盐、金、铁、铜、白云母等矿藏。出口棉花、阿拉伯树胶、花生、芝麻、活牲畜等农牧产品,进口原油、油品、原料、食品、纺织品、机械和设备、化工产品等。苏丹港是主要海港,喀土穆-苏丹港铁路是对外联系的要道。国际货币基金组织把苏列为无力偿债和不宜提供贷款的国家,于1993年8月停止其会员国的投票权。为加快经济复苏的步伐,巴希尔政府于1993和1996年分别发布新经济法规,实施一系列经改措施,一方面减少政府对经济的干预,实行市场经济,鼓励外国投资,发展农业,促进出口,另一方面大力推进私有化进程。1997年,苏政府按照国际货币基金组织的要求实行财经紧缩政策,严格控制公共开支,限制依赖银行借贷开支比例,减少货币发行量,重点扶持优先发展的战略项目,利用石油出口带动经济复苏,通胀率和赤字均明显下降,经济状况趋向好转。1998年和1999年,苏政府均按期偿还了国际货币基金组织贷款,受到该组织好评,并于2000年恢复其会员国的投票权。近几年,苏建立起石油工业。随着大量石油出口,苏经济状况有所改善,目前苏丹在非洲国家中保持了较高的经济增长率。Agriculturalpopulationaccountsfor80%inSudan.Exportsofagriculturalandlivestockproductstakeup90-95%oftotalexports.Productionoflong-staplecottonrankssecondinAfrica,followingEgypt.Gumarabicproductionranksfirstintheworld.Sudanalsoproducescorn,sorghum,peanuts,sesameseeds,datepalms,etc.Theanimalhusbandryisrelativelydeveloped,withalargenumberofsheep,cattleandcamels.Sugar,oilprocessing,chemistry,oilrefining,textiles,clothingandfootwearindustrieshavedeveloped.Sudanisengagedinsmall-scaleminingofsalt,gold,iron,copper,micaandotherminerals.Exportofcotton,gumarabic,peanuts,sesameseeds,liveanimalsandotherfarmproducts,andimportofcrudeoil,oil,rawmaterials,food,textiles,machineryandequipment,chemicalproductsarealsopopular.SudanPortisamainharbor,withKhartoum-SudanPortrailwayasthemaingatewaytotheoutside.InternationalMonetaryFundincludesSudaninthelistofcountriesofnodeptpayingcapabilityandatdisadvantagesintermsofloans.VotingrightsofSudanasamemberstatewasrevokedinAugust1993.Tospeedupthepaceofeconomicrecovery,Bashirgovernmentreleasedneweconomicregulationsin1993and1996respectively,undertakingaseriesofeconomicreformmeasuresbyreducinggovernmentinterventionintheeconomyandencouragingmarketeconomy,foreigninvestmentandagriculturaldevelopmentontheonehandandvigorouslypromotingtheprivatizationprocessontheotherhand.In1997,theSudanGovernmentinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheInternationalMonetaryFundimplementedfinancialausteritypolicy,strictlylimitingtheproportionofexpendituredependentonbanklending,reducingthemoneysupplyandfocusingonstrategicprojectsofgreatpriorities.Economicrecoverywasdrivenbyoilexportandeconomicconditionsturnedforthebetter.In1998and1999,SudangovernmentrepaidtheIMFloansonschedule,andwonbackgoodreputation.In2000,thevotingrightsofSudanwererestored.Inrecentyears,theoilindustryinSudanhassproutedout.Withhugeoilexports,economicconditionsinSudanaresignificantlyimproved,maintainingahighmomentumofgrowth.3.交通运输Transportation铁路:总长5978公里。公路:11900公里,其中4320公里铺有沥青。水运:有远洋商船10艘,总吨位12.2万吨;内河航线总长5310公里,有轮船300多艘。苏丹港是苏丹的主要商港,年吞吐量800万吨,承担着90%的进出口运输任务。空运:空运在苏丹运输中占据重要地位,国内90%的运输系通过空运进行。苏丹民航局有大型喷气客机10多架,全国共有民航机场63个,喀土穆、苏丹港、卡萨拉、朱巴、朱