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自考英语（二）课堂讲义2013.8.101自考英语（二）随堂联系（1）一．完型补文(1)Therearethreekindsofgoals:short-term,medium-rangeandlong-termgoals.Short-rangegoalsarethosethat___1____(usual)dealwithcurrentactivities,whichwecanapplyonadaily__2___(base).Suchgoalscanbeachievedinaweekorless,ortwoweek,orpossiblemonths.Itshouldberememberedthatjustasabuildingisno___3___(strong)thanitsfoundation,ourlong-termgoalscannotbeaccomplishedwithoutthe___4___(achieve)ofsolidshort-termgoals.Uponcompletingourshort-termgoals,weshoulddatetheoccasionandthenaddnewshort-termgoalsthatwillbuildonthosethathavebeen___5___(complete).Theintermediategoalsbuckledonthefoundationoftheshort-rangegoals.Theymightdealwithjustonetermofschoolortheentireschoolyear,ortheycouldevenextendforseveral___6___(year).Anytimeyoumoveastepatatime,youshouldneverallowyourselftobecomediscouragedor___7___(overwhelm).Asyoucompleteeachstep,youwillenforcethebeliefinyourabilitytogrowand___8___(success).Andasyourlistofcompletiondatesgrow,your___9___(motivate)anddesirewillincrease.Long-rangegoalsmaybe___10___(relate)toourdreamsofthefuture.Theymightcoverfiveyearsormore.Lifeisnotastaticthing.Weshouldneverallowalong-termgoaltolimitusorourcourseofaction.(2)自考英语（二）课堂讲义2013.8.102Whenshewastwelve,Mariamadeherfirstimportantdecisionaboutthecourseofherlife.She___1____(decision)thatshewantedtocontinuehereducation.Mostgirlsfrommiddle-class___2___(family)chosetostayhomeafterprimaryschool，thoughsomeattendedprivateCatholicfinishingschools.Theretheylearnedalittleaboutmusic，art，needlework，andhowtomakepoliteconversation.ThiswasnotthesortofeducationthatinterestedMaria—orhermother.Bythistime，shehadbeguntotakeherstudiesmore___3___(serious).Shereadconstantlyandbroughtherbookseverywhere.Onetimesheevenbroughthermathbooktothetheaterandtriedtostudyinthedark.Mariaknewthatshewantedtogoonlearninginaseriousway.Thatmeantattendingthepublichighschool，somethingthatveryfewgirlsdid.InItalyatthetime，thereweretwo___4___(type)ofhighschools:theclassicalschoolsandthetechnicalschools.Inthe___5___(classic)schools，thestudentsfollowedaverytraditionalprogramofstudies，withcoursesinLatinandGreeklanguageandliterature，andItalianliteratureandhistory1.Thefewgirlswhocontinuedstudyingafterprimaryschoolusuallychosetheseschools.Maria，however，wantedtoattendatechnicalschool.The___6___(technician)schoolsweremoremodemthantheclassicalschoolsandtheyofferedcoursesinmodernlanguages，mathematics，science，and___7___(account).Mostpeople—includingMaria'sfather—believedthatgirlswouldneverbeabletounderstandthesesubjects.Furthermore，theydidnotthinkitwasproperforgirlstostudythem.Mariadidnotcareifitwasproperornot.Mathandsciencewerethesubjectsthatinterestedhermost.Butbeforeshecouldsignupforthetechnicalschool，shehadtowinherfather'sapproval.She___8___(final)did，withhermother'shelp，thoughformanyyearsafter，therewastensioninthefamily.Maria'sfathercontinuedtoopposeherplans，自考英语（二）课堂讲义2013.8.103whilehermotherhelpedher.In1883，atagethirteen，MariaenteredtheRegiaScuolaTecnicaMichelangeloBuonarrotiinRome.Herexperienceatthisschoolisdifficultforustoimagine.Thoughthecoursesincludedmodernsubjects，theteachingmethodswerevery___9___(tradition).Learningconsistedof___10___(memorize)longlistsoffactsandrepeatingthembacktotheteacher.Studentswerenotsupposedtoaskquestionsorthinkforthemselvesinanyway.Teacherswereverydemanding，disciplineintheclassroomwasstrict，andpunishmentwassevereforthosewhofailedtoachieveorweredisobedient.(3)Thestructureofafamilytakesdifferentformsaroundtheworldandeveninthesamesociety.Thefamily'sformchangesasit___1____(adapt)tochangingsocialand____2___(economy)influences.Untilrecently,themostcommonforminNorthAmericawasthenuclearfamily，consistingofamarriedcouplewiththeirminorchildren.Thenuclearfamilyisan____3___(dependent)unit.Itmustbepreparedtofendforitself.Individualfamilymembers____4____(strong)dependononeanother.Thereislittlehelpfromoutsidethefamilyinemergencies.Elderlyrelativesofanuclearfamilyare___5____(care)foronlyifitispossibleforthefamilytodoso.InNorthAmerica，theelderlyoftendonotlivewiththefamily;theyliveinretirementcommunitiesandnursinghomes.Therearemanyparallelsbetweenthenuclearfamilyinindustrial___6___(society)，suchasNorthAmerica，andoffamiliesinsocietiessuchasthatoftheInuits，wholivein自考英语（二）课堂讲义2013.8.104harshenvironments.Thenuclearfamilystructureiswelladaptedtoalifeof___7___(mobile).Inharshconditions，mobilityallowsthefamilytohuntforfood.ForNorthAmericans，thehuntforjobsand___8___(improve)socialstatusalsorequiresmobility.ThenuclearfamilywasnotalwaystheNorthAmericanstandard.Inamoreagrarian(农耕的)time，thesmallnuclearfamilywasusuallypartofalargerextendedfamily.Thismighthave___9____(include)grandparents，motherandfather，brothersandsisters，uncles，aunts，andcousins.InNorthAmericatoday，thereisadramaticriseinthenumberofsingle-parenthouseholds.TwiceasmanyhouseholdsintheUnitedStatesareheadedbydivorced，___10___(separate)，ornever-marriedindividualsasarecomprisedofnuclearfamilies.Thestructureofthefamily，notjustinNorthAmerica,butthroughouttheworld，continuestochangeasitadaptstochangingconditions.