欧美国家 军事政治简介

Lesson21MilitaryandPoliticsAmericanGovernmentTheAmericangovernmentwasdesignedwitha“bottom-up”approach.Thegreatestpowershouldbewithordinarycitizens.Agovernment“ofthepeople,forthepeople,bythepeople.”AmericanviewofAuthority/LeadersTheU.S.GovernmentThree-branchGovernment(三权分立的政府)JamesMadison(4thPres.,framerofUSConstitution)麦迪逊(美国第四任总统,美国宪法制定者）Itmaybeareflectiononhumannature,thatsuchdevicesshouldbenecessarytocontroltheabusesofgovernment.Butwhatisgovernmentitself,butthegreatestofallreflectionsonhumannature?Ifmenwereangels,nogovernmentwouldbenecessary.Ifangelsweretogovernmen,neitherexternalnorinternalcontrolsongovernmentwouldbenecessary.“用这种种方法来控制政府的弊端，可能是对人性的一种反映。但是政府本身若不是对人性的最大反映，又是什么呢？如果人都是天使，就不需要任何政府了。如果是天使统治人，就不需要对政府有任何外来的或内在的控制了。”HouseofRepresentativesHouseofRepresentativesHouseofRepresentativesPrimaryjobsCreatenationallaws(mustalsobepassedbySenateandpresident)ImpeachofficialsMembersTheHouseismadeupofrepresentativesfromeachstate.(435)Thenumberofrepresentativesisdeterminedbythepopulationofeachstate.California:53Alaska:1Membersservefor2years.SenateSenateSenatePrimaryjobs:Createnationallaws(mustalsobepassedbyHouseandpresident)ConfirmCabinetmembers,federaljudges,militaryofficers,ambassadors,etc.Trialimpeachedofficers.Members:Madeupofrepresentativesfromeachstate.(100)2membersfromeachstateMembersserveforsixyears.PresidentPresidentPresidentPrimaryjobs:EnforcesthelawVetoeslawsIssueexecutiveordersCommanderinChiefofmilitaryPreparesbudgetAppointsfederalofficials(judges,ambassadors,Cabinet,etc.)Requirements:35yearsoldNatural-bornU.S.citizenAtleast14yearsofresidenceintheU.S.Canonlyserveforupto2,4-yeartermsSupremeCourtSupremeCourtSupremeCourtPrimaryjobs:InterpretsConstitutionDeterminesiflawsareconstitutionalSettlescasesSettlesappealsMembers9members(justices)Appointedbythepresident,confirmedbySenateLife-longtermElectionsTwomainkindsofelections:Primaryelections–Electionswithinapoliticalpartytodeterminewhichcandidatewillrepresentthepartyinthegeneralelection.Generalelections–Electionstodecidemembersofnational,state,orlocaloffices.PresidentialElectionThepresidentisnotdeterminedbyhowmanycitizensvoteforacandidate(popularvote).Example(2000):Thepresidentisdeterminedbytheelectoralcollege.Vs.GeorgeW.BushAlGoreElectoralCollegeTheelectoralcollegeistheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate(538)Eachpersongetsonevote.Eachstategetsadifferentnumberofvotes.ElectoralCollegeEachstategivesalloftheirvotestoonecandidate.Thecandidatethatreceivesthemostvotesfromtherepresentativesofastategetallofthatstate’selectoralvotes.Whichevercandidatereceivesthemostelectoralvoteswinsthepresidency.Amajorityof270electoralvotesisrequired.Ifthereisnomajority,thentheHouseofRepresentativesdecideswhothepresidentwillbe.GeneralElectionGeneralelectionsareheldevery2yearsonthesecondTuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovember.PresidentSenateHouseofRepresentativesJudgesLocalOfficialsPrimaryelectionsareheldaround6monthsbeforethegeneralelections.VotingrulesInmoststates,youmustbeatleast18yearsoldtovote,thoughinsomestatesthelimitis17yearsold.Everyonewhowantstovotemustregister.BeforeElectionDayBeforeelectionday,peoplewilltrytopublicizetheirfavoritecandidatesorcriticizeopposingcandidates.TelephoneTVSignsRalliesDebatesTheRoleofTVandMediaElectionDayOnelectionday,peoplegotovotingboothsaroundtown.ElectionDayPeoplewatchtheTVfortheresultsoftheelections.BenefitsofU.S.PoliticalProcessFreedomJusticeEducationProblemsofU.S.PoliticalProcessCommercializationLownumberofvoters(especiallyyoung)Education“Partisanism”Questions?