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英语辩论赛技巧（外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练）IntroductionAboutDebateMATTER素材1.‘Matter’relatestotheissuesindebate,thecasebeingpresentedandthematerialusedtosubstantiateargumentation.2.Theissuesunderdebateshouldbecorrectlyprioritized(byteams)andordered(byindividuals),dealingwiththemostimportant/pertinentfirst.3.Mattershouldbelogicalandwellreasoned.4.Mattershouldberelevant,bothtotheissueincontentionandthecasesbeingadvanced.5.Mattershouldbepersuasive.wNo‘newmatter’istobeintroducedduringReplySpeeches.TheReplySpeechpresentsteamswithanopportunitytofocusonthemajorissue(s)inthedebateandthewayinwhichbothteamsapproachthat‘pointofClash’.TheReplySpeechshouldalsogivean‘optimisticoverview’ofthegeneralapproachtothedebatebybothsidesandfocusontherelativemeritsofthecasebythesideReplying,andtherelativeweaknessesinthecaseoftheopposingteam.wAllspeakersshoulddevelop‘positivematter’inadvancingtheirrespectivecases.WhileanOppositionteammaywinbydemonstratingthattheGovernmenthasnotprovedthemotiontrue,theyshouldnotrelypurelyontheirrebuttaloftheGovernmentcaseandwilllikelybenefitfrompresentingpositivematterinoppositiontothemotion.MANNER辩论风格a)VocalStyle:Volume,clarity,pronunciation,pace,intonation,fluency,confidence,andauthority.b)Language:Conversational.c)Useofnotes:Shouldnotdistract,shouldnotberead.d)EyeContact:Withaudience.e)Gesture:Natural,appropriate.f)Sincerity:Believability.g)PersonalAttacks:(derogatorycommentsarenottobetolerated).h)Humor:Effectiveness,appropriateness.METHOD辩论方法Themajorinfluenceonanadjudicatormustbe:‘Isthespeaker’sandteam’sMethodEFFECTIVEinadvancingthecase?’a)Organization:Thestructuringofindividualargumentsandorderingofcollectiveargumentsinthespeeches.b)IssueSelection:Theidentificationofrelevantpointsofclashintheround.c)Perspective:Theabilitytoexplaintherelevanceofindividualargumentstothemotionbeingargued.d)Refutation:Thewillingnessandabilitytoengageandcritiquethepointsofferedbytheopposingteam.e)Teamwork:Thedegreetowhichthemembersofateamworktogethertocollectivelyadvanceastrategy.HowtoChooseMotions?Prioritizationof3MotionsGivenBasedon:a)KnowledgeResourceofTeammembersHowmuchdoweknowofthisissue?b)DebatingPositionsofYourTeamWhatadvantagewillwehavewiththismotionasGovernment/Oppositionteam?c)KnowledgeofOpposingTeam’sstatusWhatarethestrengths/weaknessesofourOpponentsinthisdebate?CaseConstructioninvolves:DefiningtheMotion&CreatingArgumentsthatsupportit:DefiningtheMotionmeansa)Clearlystatingmeaningsof“keyterms”E.g.“ThisHousebelievesthatprofessionalathletesaregoodrolemodelsforChineseyouth.”b)EstablishTeamLine(BaseLine)&Split:Motion(THBTtheworldisaglobalvillage)TeamLine/BaseLine/StanceBecauseoftheexistenceofinterdependenceandcommoninterestSpilt/CaseDivisionThisistrueinthea)socialarena,b)geopoliticalrealmandc)economicspherec)CreatingArgumentsthatsupportitwPrioritizetheArgumentswiththestrongestpresentedfirsttoproveglobalinterdependenceandgrowingcommoninterest:wArgument1(1stSpeaker)wSocialArena--evidence,casestudies,statistics,trendanalysis,etcwArgument2(1stSpeaker)wGeopolitics--dittowArgument3(2ndSpeaker)wGlobalEconomics--dittow3rdSpeakersmustnotcarrynewargumentsSettingOppositionCasewProposing“StatusQuo”“Whychangewhenthingsarefinenow…”wOfferinga“CounterProposal”“Ourplanworksbetterthanyours….’wProvide“PositiveObjections”“Yoursdoesnotworkandwillbeharmfulto…”w**Oppnneedstohaveteamline,split,prioritizedargumentsin1stand2ndSpeakerstoo!RefutationStrategieswWhatareRebuttals?ArgumentsraisedinresponsetoOppn’sarguments.ComprisesanalysisofwhyOppniswrong,isconsistentwithowncase,aswellsupport/reinforceownteamlinewHowtodoit?Statewhatargumentisrebutted,explainflaw(s)inargument,supportitwithevidence.examples,casestudies,andfinallylinkingitrelevantlytoyoursideofthetopic.RebuttingPartsofArgumentsw1.FactualError:Yourargumentisfactuallywrong“Yourstatistics/example/casestudiesarewrongbecause….”w2.Yourargumentisnotsupportedbyanyevidence“Youmerelyassertedthat...withoutprovidinganyrelevantexamples…”w3.Theconsequencesofyourargumentarenotacceptable(morally,socially,etc)w“Howcouldyoubansmokinginpubswhenitviolatestherightofthesmokerandhisfriendstosocializetogether…”w4.NotImportant:Yourargumentiscorrectbuthaslittleweightinthisdebatew“Yourpolicyhelpsontheminority,thesmokers,butwhataboutthemajorityofthenon-smokerswhohavetoinhalesecond-handsmokeinpubs…”w5.Yourargumentisillogical–theconclusionsdonotfollowfromthepremisesw“YouclaimthatbanningcigaretteadvertisementsonTVwillcausemoreyoungpeopletosmokeasitmakessmokingmoremysteriousandenticing,likeaforbiddenfruit,butIsubmittoyouthattheoppositeismorelikelytobetrue:banningasteadystreamofadvertisementsdepictingsmokingasglamorous/attractivewillREDUCEthenumberofyoungpeoplewhosmoke.”w6.NotRelevant/Irrelevant:w“Thefactthatsmokingcausescancerisnotrelevanttothisdebatebecausetheissueathandistherightofindividualcitizenstomakeinformedchoicesconcerningtheirownpersonalhealth….”w7.ContradictioninOpponents’ArgumentswPointoutthatthespeakers/teamarenotclearabouttheirowncase.Tobeabletocatchtheopponentscontradictingthemselvesrequiresgoodtrackingskills,thatis,