四级作文命题剖析一现象解释型

CET-4WritingClassSaturday,September19,2009三大写作高分要素1.结构清晰1）文章框架要合理一般来说，四级作文都是由三个段落组成，偶尔也可以是两段或四段，其结构和内容需根据文章主题和提纲中给出的段落提示来确定，不能随意安排。2）文章结构要完整一般来说，开头段交代全文主题；中间段围绕主题进行论述；结尾段与开头段相呼应，或总结、或提出建议、或提供解决方法，这三部分缺一不可。3）文章主题不偏离全篇各个段落都要为一个中心思想服务，而且每个段落都要围绕一个主题句来展开，通常是一个主题句再加上一或两句扩展句构成。若有游离于中心思想之外的段落或句子则会使文章显得零散杂乱。背景介绍背景介绍是一种最常用的开头方式，几乎适用于所有类型文章的写作。一般文章在进入正题之前也最好有个铺垫，而背景介绍法正好满足了这个要求。背景介绍的开头=背景概述+背景详述一般要先用一个高度概括的句子概要介绍某种现象或问题，然后用简洁的几句话对该现象或问题进行稍微具体的描述。WasteonCampusNowadays,wasteisquiteprevalentandseriousoncampus.Foodisthrownawaysimplybecauseitdoesn’ttastegood.Newspapersandmagazinesarediscarded,becausetheyhavebeenread.Whatisworse,studentsseemtobequiteaccustomedtosuchwasteanddon’thaveafeelingofguilt.Butwastecandomuchharm.请分别找出背景概述句，背景详述句OnDisposalproducts（关于“一次性用品”的利弊）DisposalproductsaregainingincreasingpopularityinChina.Nowtheypracticallybecomepartofourlife:Wehavedisposalchopsticks,disposalclothes,disposalcameras…Indeedweareinathrowawaysociety.请分别找出背景概述句,背景详述句常用词万能词：common;popular(popularityn.)负面现象：Serious(seriousness);prevalent;建议背景概述中往往加上一两句表示强调的句式。e.g.Nowadays,it’swidelyknowntousraisingpetssuchasdogsandrabbitsisbecomingincreasingpopularinbigcities.Asisknowntoall;it’swidelyknown;it’sgenerallybelievedthat;it’scommonlyheldthat;it’swidelyacceptedthat•背景介绍常用句型•Withthedevelopmentofmodernsociety…（随着现代社会的发展……）/advanceofscienceandtechnology/improvementofpeople’slivingstandard•Recentlythephenomenonof…hasarousedconsiderable/greatconcern.（近来……现象引起很大的关注。）•Recentlytheissueof…hasbeenbroughtintofocus.（近来……问题成为人们关注的焦点。）•Thesedays…hadbecomeacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.(近年……在日常生活中时有发生。)•It’softenreportedthat…（据报道......）•Nowadaysit’swidelyacceptedthat…hasgainedincreasingpopularity.(现在人们普遍认为……已经越来越流行了。)•…hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople.•Accordingtothechart/graph/table,it’sclearthat…/itcanbeenseenthat…•Fromthechart/…,welearnthatnowadays…•Asisdescribedinthechart,…/Ascanbeseenfromthechart,…•Thechartdescribes/reveals/showsthat…•说明原因/影响/因素段•Theremaybeseveralfactorswhichcontributeto/accountfor/explain/areresponsiblefor…(也可用分词结构)•Alargenumberoffactorsmightcontributeto/leadto/accountfortheissue/thissituation.•Therearemanyreasonsexplaining主题。Themainreasonis理由一。Whatismore理由二。Asaresult，讲述导致的结果。•Thisphenomenonexistsforanumberofreasons.First,…Second,…•Theimportance/harmfulness/benefitof主题tosb.canbefoundintheaspectsasfollow.Inthefirstplace,…..现象解释型提出或描述现象→解释这种现象形成的原因→提出自己的观点（总结）(在解释原因时，切忌凌乱，一定要有调理。可以使用一些过渡词或词组，如：firstly,secondly,finally;foronething,….foranother,….)结构模式现象解释型（行文思路一）描述图表段主题句扩展句一（描述图表数据一）主题句主题句扩展句一（可能的影响或问题一）结尾句扩展句一（描述图表数据二）扩展句一（原因一）扩展句一（原因二）扩展句一（原因三）说明原因段总结观点段扩展句二（可能的影响或问题二）结尾句㎡Students’useofcomputers•Accordingtothechart,itisclearthatthestudents’useofcomputershasgrownrapidlyinrecentyears.Thechartshows,from1990to1995,theaveragehoursthatstudentsspentoncomputersineveryweekwereonlydoubled,whilein2000,thenumbergrewto20hours,whichisfivetimesasmanyasthatof1995.Manyreasonscontributetothistremendousgrowth.•Firstofall,thelowpriceofthecomputerallowsmanystudentstohaveoneintheirdormitories.Sothestudentscanoftenusetheircomputerstodotheassignments,playgamesandchatwiththeirfriends.Moreover,manynetbarsprovidestudentsconvenientaccesstocomputers.Inaddition,Internetprovidesstudentsanamazingworldtoexplore.Asaresult,computershaveanirresistibleattractiontothem.•AsfarasIamconcerned,therearestillproblemsinstudents’useofcomputers.Foronething,studentsdon’thaveenoughskillstocommandcomputers,whichlimitstheirfulluseofcomputers.Foranother,studentswhoareshortofself-disciplinesmayforgettheirmaintaskofstudy.Toconclude,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenforstudentstoguaranteethereasonableuseofcomputers.•范文1真题再现•2006.6真题（现象解释型）•Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicOnStudentsSelectingLecturers.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:•1)有些大学允许自由选择某些课程的任课教师•2）学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素•3）学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题OnStudentsSelectingLecturers（1）•Nowadaysstudentsinsomeuniversitiesareentitledtotheoptionalchoiceonlecturersforsomespecificcourses.Thisoffersstudentsamoreflexibleandmoreefficientwayoflearning.•However,thereareseveralfactorsforstudentstoconsiderwhenchoosingtheirideallecturers.Ontheonehand,thelecturer’sacademicbackgroundplaysanimportantroleinthedecision.Anideallecturermaygivethestudentsmuchknowledgeinhisspecificfield.Ontheotherhand,thestudentsshouldtakethelecturer’scharacterintoaccount.Withoutgoodcharacter,alecturercan’tsetagoodexampleforthestudents.What’smore,theideallecturerisonewhohasaninterestingteachingstyleandagoodreputationamongthestudents.•Frommyviewpoints,freechoosingoflecturersmaybringthestudentsmanyadvantages,suchasencouragingstudentstotakeanactivepartinclassesandputtingmorepressureonlecturerstoimprovetheirteachingquality.Nevertheless,italsobringsalongtheterriblefactthatsometoplecturerswillbeignorediftheyarenotabletopleasethestudents.Toconclude,furtherattentionshouldbepaidtothismatter.OnStudentsSelectingLecturers（2）•Nowadays,manyuniversitiesentitlethestudentstochoosefreelythelecturesforcourse,whi