大学英语四级写作专题•一、文章的基本结构•二、写作实例分析四级作文解析文章的基本结构•概论•文章的基本结构•写作的三段论模式一、概论•文章是由段落构成,而段落的基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所构成,它的具体结构可以用以下的图表加以表示:1/2二、文章的基本结构2/2写作的三段论模式•大学英语四级写作通常采用三段论模式,即:•开头段(introduction)•主体段(bodyparagraph)•结尾段(conclusion)(一)开头段•开头段概论•常用的开头段的表达方法•开头段的常用核心句型开头段概论•对于大学英语四级的写作考题来说,限于篇幅,其开头段一般都不长。然而,这寥寥几句话却占有十分重要的地位,它表达的是整篇文章的主题思想。在议论文中,我们称之为中心论点,它起到驾驭全文的作用。一个意义清晰、明确的开头段,将有助于读者理解全文;一个精彩、新颖的开头段还能激起读者的阅读欲望。常用的开头段的表达方法•使用引语(useaquotation)•引用具体或粗略的数据(usefiguresorstatistics)•提出问题(askaquestion)•给出具体实例或报道(offerrelevantexamplesorreports)•定义法(givedefinition)•主题句法(useoftopicsentence)常用的开头段的表达方法•●使用引语(useaquotation)使用一段名人名言,或人们常用的谚语、习语,以确定文章的写作范围和方向。如:“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.分析:开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性,点明主题。常用的开头段的表达方法•●引用具体或粗略的数据(usefiguresorstatistics)当然对于图表题型,该种方法是必须的选择,具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据,然后作出概括性分析,点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如:Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.分析:文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性,很有说服力。常用的开头段的表达方法•●提出问题(askaquestion)提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题,然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如:Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money,Promotions,Interestingchallenges,Continuallearning,Work-basedfriendships,Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials.Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.分析:文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题,然后自问自答,指出工作除了物质利益,还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。常用的开头段的表达方法•●给出具体实例或报道(offerrelevantexamplesorreports)如:Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.分析:文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例,说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。常用的开头段的表达方法•●定义法(givedefinition)针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义,然后进行深入探讨。如:Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.分析:文章用Itmeansthat这一句型,说明了practicemakesperfect的含义。常用的开头段的表达方法•●主题句法(useoftopicsentence)文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题,然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如:NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.分析:文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题,然后再用实例数据加以佐证。开头段的常用核心句型•●Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,Ibelievethat…●Thearguermayberightabout…,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat….●Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat…,itisunlikelytobetruethat….●Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat….●Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.开头段的常用核心句型•●Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),it(this)mayseemasound(anattractive)suggestion(solution/idea),butcarefulweighingonthemind(oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought),wefindthat…●Althoughmanypeoplebelievethat…,Iwonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis.开头段的常用核心句型•●Thedanger(problem/fact/truth/point)isthat….●IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat….•●Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof….Thosewhoobjectto…arguethat….Butpeoplewhofavor…,ontheotherhand,arguethat….开头段的常用核心句型•●Currently(Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnow),thereis(hasbeen)a(n)general(widespread/growing/widelyheld)feelingtowards(concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefin)….●AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat….●Nowitiscommonly(widely/generally/increasingly)believed(thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged)that….ButIwonder(doubt)whether…(二)主体段•主体段概述•主体段段落扩充方法主体段概述•主体段的写作方法是多种多样的,而不同的方法会产生不同的效果,不同的方法需用不同的组织形式。因此,在动笔之前,必须先选择好所采用的方法,然后根据自己所选的方法确定相应的结构形式,才能把文章写好。主体段段落扩充方法•一、列举法(Listing)•二、举例法(Exemplification)•三、分类法(Classification)•四、比较对照法(ComparisonandContrast)•五、因果法(CauseandEffect)列举法(Listing)定义•也叫枚举法。是一种在主题句中提出论点,然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述的方法。列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间顺序等进行。列举法作文例子•Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.常用于列举法的过渡连接词•first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast…..举例法(Exemplification)定义•作者通过举出具体事例来