纽马克语义翻译与交际翻译

Communicative&SemanticTranslation——PeterNewmarkMainContentBackgroundCommunicative&SemanticTranslationCommentsBackgroundPre-linguisticsperiodoftranslationOppositiontothemonistictheoryLinguisticsbasesPre-linguisticsperiodoftranslationConflictbetweenfreeandliteraltranslation;Noattempttodistinguishtypesorqualityoftexts;Strongontheory,butshortonmethodandpracticalexamples;Unawareofeachother’swork.Themonistictheoryoftranslation“Thetwoconcepts(CT&ST)wereformulatedinoppositiontothemonistictheorythattranslationisbasicallyameansofcommunicationoramannerofaddressingoneormorepersonsinthespeakerspresence;thattranslationislikelanguage,ispurelyasocialphenomenon.”(Newmark,2001:62)e.g.Nida:Translatingiscommunicating.Linguisticsbases“Translationtheoryderivesfromcomparativelinguistics,andwithlinguistics,itismainlyanaspectofsemantics;allquestionsofsemanticrelatetotranslationtheory”Vygotsky：Innerspeechisnottheinterioraspectofexternalspeech,—itisafunctioninitself.Itistoalargeextentthinkinginpuringmeanings.“Thinkingprecedesspeechandwriting.”CommunicativeandSemantictranslationDefinitionComparisonofCT&STSimilaritiesbetweenCT&STDefinitionofCTandSTCommunicativetranslationattemptstoproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallow,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal.SemanticTranslationVS.LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslation:theprimarysensesofthelexicalwordsoftheoriginalaretranslatedasthoughoutofcontext,butthesyntacticstructuresofthetargetlanguagearerespected.ThebasicdifferenceisthatSTrespectscontext,butliteraltranslationdoesnot.Flat“V”diagramSourceLanguageBiasTargetLanguageBiasLiteralFreeFaithfulIdiomaticSemantic/CommunicativeConclusion:STcombinestheadvantagesofword-for-word,literal,faithfultranslation;whileCTcombinestheadvantagesofadaption,freeandidiomatictranslation.Itcanbecountedasthemostdesiredtranslationmethod.ComparisonofCT&STTransmitter/addresseefocusRelationtoSTUseofformofSLFormofTLAppropriatenessTransmitter/addresseefocusST:Focusonthethoughtprocessesofthetransmitterasanindividual;shouldonlyhelpTTreaderwithconnotationsiftheyareacrucialpartofmessage;CT:Subjective,TTreaderfocused,orientedtowardsanspecificlanguageandculture.RelationtoSourceTextST:Always‘inferior’toST;lossofmeaning.CT:Maybe‘better’thantheST;‘gain’offorceandclarityeveniflossofsemanticcontent.UseofformofSLST:IfSTlanguagenormsdeviate,thenthismustbereplicatedinTT;loyaltytoSTauthor.CT:RespectfortheformoftheSL,butoverriding‘loyalty’toTLnorms.FormofTargetLanguageST:morecomplex,moreawkward,moredetailed,moreconcentrated,ittendstoovertranslateCT:smoother,simpler,clearer,moredirect,moreconventional,conformingtoaparticularregisteroflanguage,tendingtoundertranslateAppropriatenessST:forseriousliterature,autobiography,‘personaleffusion’,anyimportantpolitical(orother)statement.CT:forthevastmajorityoftexts,e.g.non-literarywriting,technicalandinformativetexts,publicity,standardizedtypes,popularfiction.TextTypesExpressivetextsInformativetextsVocativetextsWetpaint!A：湿油漆！（ST）B：油漆未干，请勿触摸！（CT）《西游记》A：JourneytotheWest（ST）B：PilgrimagetotheWest（CT）“谋事在人，成事在天”A:Manproposes,Heavendisposes.(ST)B:Manproposes,Goddisposes.(CT)这是七月下旬，合中国旧历的三伏，一年最热的时候。(Ch’ienChung-shu,2010:1)ItwastowardtheendofJuly,equivalenttothe“san-fu”periodofthelunarcalendar—thehottestdaysoftheyear.(KellyandMao,2003:1)ThroughtheLooking-Glass《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》“Feather,Isay!”“Whydoyousay‘Feather’sooften?”Aliceaskedatlast,rathervexed.“I’mnotabird!”“Youare,”saidthesheep:“youarealittlegoose”CT:“撇桨呀，我说！”阿丽思有点儿觉得她频气了，她就说，“你干嘛老说‘别讲’啊？我也没讲啊！”“什么没桨！”那绵羊说，“你手里摇的是什么，你简直是个笨猪。”(赵元任)ST:“我说，羽毛！”“为什么你老是说‘羽毛’？”爱丽丝觉得烦了，终于问道，“我又不是禽鸟！”“你是禽鸟，”绵羊说，“你是只小鹅。”(王永年)父亲是前清举人，在本乡江南一个小县里做大绅士。Hisfatherhadpassedthesecond-degreeexaminationunderManchuruleandwasaprominentsquireinhisnativedistrictsouthoftheYangtze.(KellyandMao,2003:8)[Note:ThetraditionalChinesecivilexaminationsystemofferedthreeacademicdegrees,whichwereconductedatthreedifferentlevels-thecountry(orprefecture),theprovince,andthenationalcapital.Successfulcandidatesatthesethreelevelswereknownrespectivelyashsiu-ts’ai,chu-jen,andchin-shih.(KellyandMao,2003:353)]（CT+ST）SimilaritiesbetweenCT&ST“Atranslationcanbemore,orless,semantic—more,orless,communicative—evenaparticularsectionorsentencecanbetreatedmorecommunicativelyorsemantically.”（PeterNewmark,2001:40）SimilaritiesbetweenCT&STBothCT&STarerootedincognitivetranslation.CTandSTarebothsuitablefor:1)thetextconveysgeneralratherthanaculturally(temporallyandspatially)boundmessageandwhenthematterisimportantasthemanner.2)commonsenseortheinformationfreefromculturalrestrictions.Comments1.拓展了传统的直译和意译的概念，但其基本思维多少囿于传统的翻译二分法，没有脱离“忠实”的樊篱，进而提出“关联翻译法”2.翻译文本观（严复《天演论》）3.实用性强4.规范性太强（strongprescriptivism）5.奈达与纽马克Nidavs.Newmark奈达可以算是个意译派；侧重点：读者反映不足：试图把动态对等译论适用范围扩大化,使之成为一切翻译的准则,这就有点失之偏颇了。纽马克多少是个直译派侧重点：依据文本类型而定涉及面太广，谈得不深、不透。