第1章化学反应中的质量关系和能量关系习题参考答案1.解:1.00吨氨气可制取2.47吨硝酸。2.解:氯气质量为2.9×103g。3.解:一瓶氧气可用天数33111-1222()(13.210-1.0110)kPa32L9.6d101.325kPa400LdnppVnpV4.解:pVMpVTnRmR=318K44.9℃5.解:根据道尔顿分压定律iinppnp(N2)=7.6104Pap(O2)=2.0104Pap(Ar)=1103Pa6.解:(1)2(CO)n0.114mol;2(CO)p42.8710Pa(2)222(N)(O)(CO)pppp43.7910Pa(3)4224(O)(CO)2.6710Pa0.2869.3310Panpnp7.解:(1)p(H2)=95.43kPa(2)m(H2)=pVMRT=0.194g8.解:(1)=5.0mol(2)=2.5mol结论:反应进度()的值与选用反应式中的哪个物质的量的变化来进行计算无关,但与反应式的写法有关。9.解:U=QppV=0.771kJ10.解:(1)V1=38.310-3m3=38.3L(2)T2=nRpV2=320K(3)W=(pV)=502J(4)U=Q+W=-758J(5)H=Qp=-1260J11.解:NH3(g)+45O2(g)298.15K标准态NO(g)+23H2O(g)mrH=226.2kJ·mol112.解:mrH=Qp=89.5kJmrU=mrHnRT=96.9kJ13.解:(1)C(s)+O2(g)→CO2(g)mrH=mfH(CO2,g)=393.509kJ·mol121CO2(g)+21C(s)→CO(g)mrH=86.229kJ·mol1CO(g)+31Fe2O3(s)→32Fe(s)+CO2(g)mrH=8.3kJ·mol1各反应mrH之和mrH=315.6kJ·mol1。(2)总反应方程式为23C(s)+O2(g)+31Fe2O3(s)→23CO2(g)+32Fe(s)mrH=315.5kJ·mol1由上看出:(1)与(2)计算结果基本相等。所以可得出如下结论:反应的热效应只与反应的始、终态有关,而与反应的途径无关。14.解:mrH(3)=mrH(2)×3-mrH(1)×2=1266.47kJ·mol115.解:(1)Qp=mrH==4mfH(Al2O3,s)-3mfH(Fe3O4,s)=3347.6kJ·mol1(2)Q=4141kJ·mol116.解:(1)mrH=151.1kJ·mol1(2)mrH=905.47kJ·mol1(3)mrH=71.7kJ·mol117.解:mrH=2mfH(AgCl,s)+mfH(H2O,l)mfH(Ag2O,s)2mfH(HCl,g)mfH(AgCl,s)=127.3kJ·mol118.解:CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(l)mrH=mfH(CO2,g)+2mfH(H2O,l)mfH(CH4,g)=890.36kJ·mo1Qp=3.69104kJ第2章化学反应的方向、速率和限度习题参考答案1.解:mrH=3347.6kJ·mol1;mrS=216.64J·mol1·K1;mrG=3283.0kJ·mol1<0该反应在298.15K及标准态下可自发向右进行。2.解:mrG=113.4kJ·mol1>0该反应在常温(298.15K)、标准态下不能自发进行。(2)mrH=146.0kJ·mol1;mrS=110.45J·mol1·K1;mrG=68.7kJ·mol1>0该反应在700K、标准态下不能自发进行。3.解:mrH=70.81kJ·mol1;mrS=43.2J·mol1·K1;mrG=43.9kJ·mol1(2)由以上计算可知:mrH(298.15K)=70.81kJ·mol1;mrS(298.15K)=43.2J·mol1·K1mrG=mrHT·mrS≤0T≥K)(298.15K)(298.15mrmrSH=1639K4.解:(1)cK=O)H()(CH)(H(CO)2432ccccpK=O)H()(CH)(H(CO)2432ppppK=pppppppp/O)H(/)(CH/)(H/(CO)2432(2)cK=)(NH)(H)(N3232212cccpK=)(NH)(H)(N3232212pppK=pppppp/)(NH/)(H/)(N3232212(3)cK=)(CO2cpK=)(CO2pK=pp/)(CO2(4)cK=3232)(HO)(HccpK=3232)(HO)(HppK=3232/)(H/O)(Hpppp5.解:设mrH、mrS基本上不随温度变化。mrG=mrHT·mrSmrG(298.15K)=233.60kJ·mol1mrG(298.15K)=243.03kJ·mol1Klg(298.15K)=40.92,故K(298.15K)=8.31040Klg(373.15K)=34.02,故K(373.15K)=1.010346.解:(1)mrG=2mfG(NH3,g)=32.90kJ·mol1<0该反应在298.15K、标准态下能自发进行。(2)Klg(298.15K)=5.76,K(298.15K)=5.81057.解:(1)mrG(l)=2mfG(NO,g)=173.1kJ·mol11lgK=RTG303.2)1(mf=30.32,故1K=4.81031(2)mrG(2)=2mfG(N2O,g)=208.4kJ·mol12lgK=RTG303.2)2(mf=36.50,故2K=3.21037(3)mrG(3)=2mfG(NH3,g)=32.90kJ·mol13lgK=5.76,故3K=5.8105由以上计算看出:选择合成氨固氮反应最好。8.解:mrG=mfG(CO2,g)mfG(CO,g)mfG(NO,g)=343.94kJ·mol10,所以该反应从理论上讲是可行的。9.解:mrH(298.15K)=mfH(NO,g)=90.25kJ·mol1mrS(298.15K)=12.39J·mol1·K1mrG(1573.15K)≈mrH(298.15K)1573.15mrS(298.15K)=70759J·mol1Klg(1573.15K)=2.349,K(1573.15K)=4.4810310.解:H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)平衡分压/kPa2905.74χ2905.74χ2χ22)74.2905()2(xx=55.3χ=2290.12p(HI)=2χkPa=4580.24kPan=pVRT=3.15mol11.解:p(CO)=1.01105Pa,p(H2O)=2.02105Pap(CO2)=1.01105Pa,p(H2)=0.34105PaCO(g)+H2O(g)CO2(g)+H2(g)起始分压/105Pa1.012.021.010.34J=0.168,pK=1>0.168=J,故反应正向进行。12.解:(1)NH4HS(s)NH3(g)+H2S(g)平衡分压/kPaxxK=/S)(H/)(NH23pppp=0.070则x=0.26100kPa=26kPa平衡时该气体混合物的总压为52kPa(2)T不变,K不变。NH4HS(s)NH3(g)+H2S(g)平衡分压/kPa25.3+yyK=//)25.3pypy(=0.070y=17kPa13.解:(1)PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)平衡浓度/(mol·L1)0.250.070.00.250.00.250.0cK=)PCl()Cl()PCl(523ccc=0.62mol·L1,(PCl5)=71%PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)平衡分压0.20VRT0.5VRT0.5VRTK=pppppp/)(PCl/)(Cl/)(PCl523=27.2(2)PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)新平衡浓度/(mol·L1)0.10+y0.25y0.25+y210.0cK=)10.0()30.0)(25.0(yyymol·L1=0.62mol·L1(T不变,cK不变)y=0.01mol·L1,(PCl5)=68%(3)PCl5(g)PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)平衡浓度/(mol·L1)z35.0z0.050+zcK=zzz35.0)050.0(=0.62mol·L1z=0.24mol·L1,(PCl5)=68%比较(2)、(3)结果,说明最终浓度及转化率只与始、终态有关,与加入过程无关。14.解:N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)平衡浓度/(mol·L1)1.00.500.50cK=32223)H()N()NH(ccc=21)L·mol(0.2若使N2的平衡浓度增加到1.2mol·L1,设需从容器中取走x摩尔的H2。N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)新平衡浓度/(mol·L1)1.20.50+(30.2)x0.5020.20cK=2132)L·mol()02350.0(2.1)20.0250.0(x=21)L·mol(0.2x=0.9415.解:(1)α(CO)=61.5%;(2)α(CO)=86.5%;(3)说明增加反应物中某一物质浓度可提高另一物质的转化率;增加反应物浓度,平衡向生成物方向移动。16.解:2NO(g)+O2(g)2NO2(g)平衡分压/kPa10179.2=21.828679.2/2=24679.2K(673K)=pppppp/)(O/(NO)/)(NO2222=5.36mrG=KRTlg303.2,mrG(673K)=9.39kJ·mol117.解:mrG(298.15K)=95278.54J·mol1mrG(298.15K)=mrH(298.15K)298.15K·mrS(298.15K)mrS(298.15K)=9.97J·mol1·K1,mrG(500K)≈97292J·mol1Klg(500K)=0.16,故)K500(K=1.41010或者12lnKK≈RH)K15.298(mr2112TTTT,K(500K)=1.4101018.解:因mrG(298.15K)=mrG(1)+mrG(2)=213.0kJ·mol10,说明该耦合反应在上述条件可自发进行。第3章酸碱反应和沉淀反应习题参考答案解:(1)pH=-lgc(H+)=12.00(2)0.050mol·L-1HOAc溶液中,HOAcH++OAc-c平/(mol·L-1)0.050-xxx5108.1x0.050xx)HOAc()OAc()H(Kcccac(H+)=9.5×10-4mol·L-1pH=-lgc(H+)=3.022.解:(1)pH=1.00c(H+)=0.10mol·L-1pH=2.00c(H+)=0.010mol·L-1等体积混合后:c(H+)=(0.10mol·