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Module3TheViolenceofNatureGrammar必修三Grammar1Thepastperfectpassive1.Bythetimethetornadoended,morethan700peoplehadbeenkilled.2.CoghlantraveledbacktoCanadaafterhehadbeenburiedinTexas.Grammar1-1.Lookatthesesentencesandanswerthequestions.1.Whicheventhappenedfirst?(a)thetornadoending(b)700peopledying(c)travellingbacktoCanada(d)beingburiedinTexas2.Howcanyoushowthatoneeventhappenedbeforeanother?Byusingatensewhichisfurtherinthepast(inthiscasethepastperfecttense)过去完成时(1)概念：表示过去的过去----|-------|-----|----那时以前那时现在其构成是had+过去分词构成。(2)用法：a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.c.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn’t.(3)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。e.g.:1.HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.2.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.3.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.被动语态被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态，被动语态的具体用法如下所表示：用法例句不清楚动作的执行者时候(1)TheParthenonwasbuiltduringthisperiod.(2)Hisbikewasstolen.没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者(1)PaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(2)Doyouknowwhenthebuildingwasbuilt?强调或突出动作的承受者(1)Parisisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.(2)Thispaintingwaspainted.1.Afterthehurricane,Mary______(see)thattheroofofherhouse______________(disappear)2.She_______(return)homeand____________(find)allherfurniture______________(ruin)bytheflood.3.Arthurwassurprisedwhenhe___________(arrive)homebecausethetornado_________(take)thefeathersoffhischickens.Grammar1-2.Choosethecorrecttenseandvoicetocompleteeachsentence.sawreturnedhaddisappearedfoundhadbeenruinedarrivedhadtaken4.We__________(leave)thehousewhenthethunderstorm______________(finish).5.He_________(try)todrivebacktohishomebeforetheflood_________(pass)throughtheVillage.lefthadfinishedtriedpassed注意：当从句由after,before,when或assoonas引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。Grammar1-3.Completethesesentenceswiththeverbsfromthebox.Usethepastperfectpassive,ifnecessary.destroydiefallfloodkill1Aftertheearthquake,theydiscoveredthatseveralpeople_______________________2Whenthehurricaneended,severalbuildingsinthetown________________________________3Hisvillage________________________________intheheavyrain,sohemovedtohisparents’house.hadbeenkilled/haddiedhadbeendestroyed/hadfallendownhadbeenflooded/hadbeendestroyed4Whenshewokeup,shefoundthatherhouse_______________________bythethunderstorm.5Arthurwasunhappybecausesomeofhisanimals______________________.hadbeendestroyedhaddied/hadbeenkilled1.WhenLiMinghurriedhome,hefoundthathismother____already____tohospital.A.has;beensentB.had;sentC.has;sentD.had;beensent2.We____fiveEnglishsongsbytheendoflastterm.A.hadlearnedB.learnedC.havelearnedD.willhavelearnedExercisesDA3.HanMeitoldmeshe_____lunch,soshewasveryhungry.A.hashadB.hasn’thaveC.havehadD.hadn’thad4.Bytheendof1976,manybuildings_____builtinthecity.A.havebeenB.haveC.hadbeenD.will5.She_____herkeysintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband____home.A.hasleft;comesB.hadleft;wouldcomeC.hadleft;cameD.left;hadcomeDCC6.HesaidthatitwasatleasttenyearssinceI_____agooddrink.A.hadenjoyedB.wasenjoyingC.haveenjoyedD.havebeenenjoying7.Themeeting_____whenMr.Wang_____toschool.A.hasbegun;getB.hasbeenon;getC.hadbegun;gotD.hadbeenon;gotACGrammar2Indirectspeech定义：直接引语:直接引用别人的话,把它放在引号内。间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。“I’mabeautifulgirl.”Shesaid.(Directspeech)Shesaidshewasabeautifulgirl.(IndirectSpeech)直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语的转换在直接引语向间接引语转换的过程中，不仅要进行句式上的转换，而且常常要在时间、地点、人称等方面做相应的转换。1.直接引语的主语是第一人称，改为间接引语后要根据意思改变人称。如：Shesaid,“I’mhungry.”Shesaidthatshewashungry.2.若主句谓语动词时一般过去时，直接引语变成间接引语时要调整时态。如下表：直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语现在时过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去时过去完成时过去完成时不变将来时过去将来时将来进行时过去将来进行时将来完成时过去将来完成时Hesaid,“I’mapoliceman.”Hesaidthathewasapoliceman.Hesaid,“I’mplayingfootballnow.”Hesaidthathewasplayingfootballthen.Hesaid,“Ihavedonemyhomework.”Hesaidthathehaddonehishomework.Hesaid,“Isawafilmyesterday.”Hesaidthathehadseenafilmthedaybefore.Hesaid,“Ihadlearned3000Englishwordsbytheendoflastterm.Hesaidthathehadlearned3000Englishwordsbytheendofthetermbefore.3.指示代词、时间状语和动词也要做调整。如下表：直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthesethatthose时间状语nowtodaytonightthenthatdaythatnightthisweeklastweekyesterdayfivedaysagotomorrownextweekthatweektheweekbeforethedaybeforefivedaysbeforethenextdaythenextweek地点状语herethere动词comego4.若直接引语为一般疑问句，改为间接引语时要用陈述句语序，而且要加连词if或whether，如：Sheaskedhermother,“CanIgoshoppingwithyou?”Sheaskedhermotherif/whethershecouldgoshoppingwithher.Heaskedme,“WillyouhaveatestonThursday?’Heaskedmeif/whetherIwouldhaveatestonThursday.5.若直接引语为特殊疑问句，间接引语就要使用特殊疑问词，而且要用陈述句语序，如：“Howmuchmoneydoyouspendonbooks?”heaskedme.HeaskedmehowmuchmoneyIspentonbooks.“Whatisyouruncle?”heaskedme.Heaskedmewhatmyunclewas.6.当直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语要改为tell(ask,order,advise)sb.(not)todosth.的句型。也就是把动词原形变成动词不定时，并在动词不定式前用tell,ask,order等动词及其宾语。如果祈使句是否定式，在动词不定式前加not，如：Thepolicemansaidtothechildren,“Don’tplayfootballinthestreet.”Thepolicemantoldthechildrennottoplayfootballinthestreet.M