quantitative-and-qualitative-research

ResearchMethodinBEdissertationwriting1SomeQuestions•Whatisresearch?•Whydowedoresearch?•Canyouthinkofanymethodsofresearch?2FeaturesofBE:学科交叉性3ESPAppliedlinguisticsFunctionallinguisticsCross-culturecommunicationtranslationBusinessinformationFieldofresearch•国际商务话语•国际商务文化•国际商务环境4MethodofresearchinBEenvironment•Quantitativeresearch定量分析•Qualitativeresearch定性分析•Discourseanalysis话语分析•Casestudy案例分析•Corpusstudy语料库分析•Statistics计量统计分析5ApproachesinBEresearch•Conversationanalysis会话分析•Discourseanalysis话语分析•Rhetoricanalysis修辞分析•Criticalanalysis批评分析•Genreanalysis体裁分析•Corpusanalysis语料库分析…6Quantitative:keypointsdataspecificquestionstatisticalgeneralisablesample7‘Quantitativeresearchisthestatisticalanalysisofdatacollectedfromalargesampleinordertoansweraspecificquestion,orhypothesis,toreachaconclusionthatcanbegeneralisable.’定量分析：对社会现象的数量特征、数量关系与数量变化进行分析的方法Qualitativeresearchisalong-termstudyinvolvingthecollectionofdatawhichisthenstudiedinordertodrawgeneralconclusionsaboutbehaviouralpatterns定性分析：对研究对象进行“质”的方面的分析。运用归纳和演绎、分析与综合以及抽象与概括等方法，对获得的各种材料进行思维加工，从而能去粗取精、去伪存真、由此及彼、由表及里，达到认识事物本质、揭示内在规律。定性分析主要是解决研究对象“有没有”“是不是”的问题Qualitative:keywordsgeneraldatalongterminterpretconclusionspatterns8QualitativeQuantitativeObservations;InterpretationPatterns;Note-takingInternalvalidity:detailrecording&‘unbiased’reporting;HolisticSmallsample;DescriptiveInterviews;Externalreliability:2ndresearcher,similarstudy,sameresults?AnalyticalLargesampleQuestion/hypothesisCause&effect;HardevidenceConstructvalidity:measurewhatintended;Statistical9QualitativeQuantitativeLongertermInductive;Subjective?Reliability:amountofinformation–leveloftrustworthiness?Externalvalidity:abletoapplytoother,similar,Contexts?Internalvalidity:acknowledgeinfluentialvariablesSurveys;Specific;Externalvalidity:applytoa‘widerpopulation’?Technical;GeneralisabilityStructured;DeductiveQuestionnaires;ObjectiveInternalreliability:2nd(external)analysis–sameresults?10QuantitativeResearchMethods11QuantitativeResearch•Producesnumericaldatawhichlendsitselftostatisticalanalysis.MoreOBJECTIVE.•Canbeusedforlargesamples(wholeschool/wholeclass)andthereforeclaimstobemorerepresentativeQuantitativeResearch•Lookingforpatternsofbehaviour(行为模式）,andcorrelates（相关性）.•Canbetimeconsumingtodesignquantitativeresearchinstrumentswell,butfairlystraightforwardtoanalyseQualitativeResearch•Producesdatawhichisnotnumericale.g.interviews,observation,videorecording,photographs,children’swork,diaries.MoreSUBJECTIVE.•Helpstounderstandthemeaningbehindpeople’sactions–howpeopleinterprettheirworld.QualitativeResearch•Subjectivityofresearcherisnotdenied–strengthofanalysisliesinresearcher’sabilitytobereflexive.•Timeconsumingtocollectandanalyse–thereforeonlypracticalforsmallersamples•Datagatheredhasgreaterdepthandtexture,butcannotbegeneralisedbeyondthespecificcase.TypesofData•Researchmethodsareusedtocollectdataaboutthesituationunderstudy.162basictypesofdata:Quantitative–numerical,scientific,structured,moreobjective(e.g.datafromsurvey)Qualitative–interpretive,naturalistic,datainwords,moresubjective(e.g.datafrominterview,focusgroup关注人群)MixedMethods–oftencombineQuantitative+QualitativeRoleofQuantitativeApproaches•Tonumericallydefinedatasets•Toenableanyrelationshipsbetweendatasetstobeestablished•Toenabledifferencesindatasetstobeestablished•Topredictalikelyoutcomefromdatasets18MathematicsEnglishBoysB13238B26675B38163B45557B54668B62235B79578B85463B96859B104752Example:ExaminationScoresinMathematicsandEnglishbyGender19Whatresearchquestionsmightyouaskaboutthisdataset?MathematicsEnglishGirlsG17669G24446G36660G48979G55659G65065G76968G89487G98775G104956TheResearchProcess:SchematicOutlineResearchProcessPlanResearchDotheresearchCollectinformationEvaluateandResearch20ResearchProcessStage1•Understandingthe‘Scene’(Literatureetc)•ResearchFocus(ResearchQuestion,Hypothesis,Aim)•Design(Sample,Activity/ChangeofPractice,DataCollection,Ethics)Stage2•Implementation•CriticalAnalysis,Explanation&Reflection•Reporting/Sharing21QuantitativeResearchQuestions1.Descriptive(recommended)•WhatistheagedistributionofEnglishteachersinHUE?•WhatproportionofChineseteachershaveaPhD?2.Relationships•IstherearelationshipbetweenIELTSscoresandtimespentstudyingEnglishinschool?22QuantitativeResearchQuestions3.Differences•Isthereadifferenceinmathematicstestscoresbeforeandaftertheimplementationofacollaborativeactivelearningstrategyinaclassroom?SourcesofDataPrimaryData•Dataactuallycollectedbytheresearcherusingspecificmethods(e.g.questionnaire)SecondaryData•Datacollectedbyothers,butavailableforusebytheresearcher.e.g.theNationalStatisticDataServicehasawiderangeofsecondarydatasetsthatareavailableforaccess.2425corpus26DataCollectionMethodsMethodsFieldNotesObservationAudio/VideoWorkSamplesInterviews/FocusGroupQuestionnaireBlogsPhotographsLogs/Diaries27Combinations?SampleSize?CollectingData•Interview&questionnaire•Samplesize/form?•Typesofquestion(closed/open)?•Numberofquestions?•Howtodistribute(paper/on-line)?•Opportunityto‘pilot’?28TypesofQuestionsIndicateyourgenderMaleFemaleStateyourage(