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OverviewofGrammar句子成分句子成分:•主语（subject）•谓语（predicate）•宾语（object）•定语（attribute）•状语（adverbial）•补语（complement）（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）•表语（predicative）•同位语（appositive）句子成分符号：•主语：——————•谓语：________•宾语：波浪线•定语：()•状语：[]•宾补：〈〉•表语：双波浪线主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。•Exercise:1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.9.Thatheisn’tathomeisnottrue._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Mysisteriscryingoverthere.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。Wearestudents.Yourideasoundsgreat.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。•Exercise:1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.2.Isityours?3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.4.Thespeechisexciting.5.Threetimessevenistwentyone.6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.7.Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.8.Themachinemustbeunderrepairs.9.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad._____________________________________________________________________________________________如何辨别系动词和实义动词•Shelooksbeautiful.(系动词)•Lookatthepicture.(实义动词)•Hefeltthebookwithhisrighthand.(实义动词)•Thesilkfeelssoft.(系动词)辨别下列粗体动词是系动词还是实义动词1.Thedoorstaysopenatnight.2.Hetastedthefood,andthefoodtasteddelicious.3.Thebookstillliesopenonthedesk.4.Whathesaidprovedtrue..5.Hecan’tprovedhistheory(理论).宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。•Exercise:1.Theyplantedmanytreesyesterday.2.(Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?)Ihavefive.3.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.4.Iwantedtobuyacar.5.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.6.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.__________________________________________________________________________________VtorVi1.Mostbirdscanfly.2.Thechildrenareflyingkitesinthepark.3.Ithappenedyesterday.4.Mywatchstopped.5.Thebabystoppedcryingwhenhesawhismother.6.Shespokeatthemeetingthismorning.7.ShallIbeginatonce?8.Shebeganworkingasateacheraftersheleftschool.9.WhendidtheyleaveBeijing?10.Theyleftlastweek.宾语补足语有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。Exercise：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.8.Iwantyourhomeworkdoneontime.______________________________________________________________________________________主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。Weelectedhimourmonitor.•Hewaselectedourmonitor.•Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.•Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“…的”表示。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。Therearemanybig,redappleshangingonthetree._____________________________Exercise:1.TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.2.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishismother.3.Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.4.Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.5.It’sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.6.It’sacityfarfromthecoast.7.Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exercise:8.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.9.Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeedonmeat.10.AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou11.Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundonthewaybackhome12.Therearemanyclothestobewashed.13.MostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywerefromAmerica.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________状语状语的种类:时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。•Hewritescarefully.Hewalksslowly.•Thismaterialisenvironmentallyfriendly.•Herunsveryslowly.•Unfortunately,helostallofhismoney.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间（一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。）Heworkedhardathislessonslastyear.指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Mr.Smithlivesonthethirdfloor.3.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.4.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.5.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.8.Theboyneedsapenverymuch.9.Theboyreallyneedsapen.10.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.11.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.12.Iamtallerthanheis.13.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.14.OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.15.Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.指出下列划线部分属于什么状语同位语•同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。•Westudentsshouldstudyhard.•Weallarestudents.•It’sgoodtousstudents.__________________简单句的五个基本句型ＳＶ（主＋谓）Shecame．ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）ShelikesEnglish.ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）Sheishappy．ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookf