爱默生简介中英文对照

RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生简介---------方涵琦生平简介•拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生（RalphWaldoEmerson，1803年－1882年），生于波士顿。美国思想家、文学家，诗人。爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代表人物。美国前总统林肯称他为“美国的孔子”、“美国文明之父”。1803年5月6日出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，1882年4月27日在波士顿逝世。他的生命几乎横贯19世纪的美国，他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，一些人意识到它代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无人能够清晰的表达出来。RalphWaldoEmerson(May25,1803–April27,1882)wasanAmericanlecturer,philosopher,essayist,andpoet,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety,andhedisseminatedhisthoughtsthroughdozensofpublishedessaysandmorethan1,500publiclecturesacrosstheUnitedStates.Emersongraduallymovedawayfromthereligiousandsocialbeliefsofhiscontemporaries,formulatingandexpressingthephilosophyofTranscendentalisminhis1836essay,Nature.Followingthisground-breakingwork,hegaveaspeechentitledTheAmericanScholarin1837,whichOliverWendellHolmes,Sr.consideredtobeAmerica'sIntellectualDeclarationofIndependence.[1]Consideredoneofthegreatlecturersofthetime,Emersonhadanenthusiasmandrespectforhisaudiencethatenrapturedcrowds.早年经历•爱默生出身牧师家庭，他的父亲是威廉·爱默生是一位知名的一位论派牧师。爱默生在即将过八岁的两周前父亲过世（1811年），由母亲和姑母抚养他成人。隔年他被送到了波士顿拉丁学校就读。在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得免费住宿的机会。为了增添微薄的薪水，寒假期间他会到Ripley伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想，开阔了视野。1821年爱默生从哈佛大学毕业后，他协助自己的兄弟在母亲的家中设立一所给年轻女性就读的学校，这是在他于切尔姆斯福德设立自己的学校以后的事；当爱默生的兄弟前往格丁根读神学时，爱默生负责主持这所学校。之后数年，爱默生都过著担任校长的日子，然后进了哈佛大学神学院，并于1829年以一位论派牧师的形象崭露头角。Emersonwrotemostofhisimportantessaysaslecturesfirst,thenrevisedthemforprint.Hisfirsttwocollectionsofessays–Essays:FirstSeriesandEssays:SecondSeries,publishedrespectivelyin1841and1844–representthecoreofhisthinking,andincludesuchwell-knownessaysasSelf-Reliance,TheOver-Soul,Circles,ThePoetandExperience.TogetherwithNature,theseessaysmadethedecadefromthemid-1830stothemid-1840sEmerson'smostfertileperiod.Emersonwroteonanumberofsubjects,neverespousingfixedphilosophicaltenets,butdevelopingcertainideassuchasindividuality,freedom,theabilityformantorealizealmostanything,andtherelationshipbetweenthesoulandthesurroundingworld.Emerson'snaturewasmorephilosophicalthannaturalistic;Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.“Whilehiswritingstylecanbeseenassomewhatimpenetrable,andwasthoughtsoeveninhisowntime,Emerson'sessaysremainoneofthelinchpinsofAmericanthinking,andEmerson'sworkhasinfluencednearlyeverygenerationofthinker,writerandpoetsincehistime.Whenaskedtosumuphiswork,hesaidhiscentraldoctrinewastheinfinitudeoftheprivateman.Earlylife,family,andeducation•EmersonwasborninBoston,MassachusettsonMay25,1803,sonofRuthHaskinsandtheRev.WilliamEmerson,aUnitarianminister.Hewasnamedafterhismother'sbrotherRalphandthefather'sgreat-grandmotherRebeccaWaldo.RalphWaldowasthesecondoffivesonswhosurvivedintoadulthood;theotherswereWilliam,Edward,RobertBulkeley,andCharles.Threeotherchildren—Phebe,JohnClarke,andMaryCaroline–diedinchildhood.•TheyoungRalphWaldoEmerson'sfatherdiedfromstomachcanceronMay12,1811,lessthantwoweeksbeforeEmerson'seighthbirthday.Emersonwasraisedbyhismother,withthehelpoftheotherwomeninthefamily;hisauntMaryMoodyEmersonplayedanimportantrole.AuntMaryhadaprofoundeffectonEmerson.Shelivedwiththefamilyoffandon,andmaintainedaconstantcorrespondencewithEmersonuntilherdeathin1863.Emerson'sformalschoolingbeganattheBostonLatinSchoolin1812whenhewasnine.InOctober1817,at14,EmersonwenttoHarvardCollegeandwasappointedfreshmanmessengerforthepresident,requiringEmersontofetchdelinquentstudentsandsendmessagestofaculty.Midwaythroughhisjunioryear,EmersonbegankeepingalistofbookshehadreadandstartedajournalinaseriesofnotebooksthatwouldbecalledWideWorld.Hetookoutsidejobstocoverhisschoolexpenses,includingasawaiterfortheJuniorCommonsandasanoccasionalteacherworkingwithhisuncleSamuelinWaltham,MassachusettsByhissenioryear,Emersondecidedtogobyhismiddlename,Waldo.EmersonservedasClassPoet;aswascustom,hepresentedanoriginalpoemonHarvard'sClassDay,amonthbeforehisofficialgraduationonAugust29,1821,whenhewas18.Hedidnotstandoutasastudentandgraduatedintheexactmiddleofhisclassof59people.In1826,facedwithpoorhealth,Emersonwenttoseekoutwarmerclimates.HefirstwenttoCharleston,SouthCarolina,butfoundtheweatherwasstilltoocold.Hethenwentfurthersouth,toSt.Augustine,Florida,wherehetooklongwalksonthebeach,andbeganwritingpoetry.WhileinSt.Augustine,hemadetheacquaintanceofPrinceAchilleMurat.Murat,thenephewofNapoleonBonaparte,wasonlytwoyearshissenior;thetwobecameextremelygoodfriendsandenjoyedoneanother'scompany.Thetwoengagedinenlighteningdiscussionsonreligion,society,philosophy,andgovernment,andEmersonconsideredMuratanimportantfigureinhisintellectualeducation.WhileinSt.Augustine,Emersonhadhisfirstexperienceofslavery.Atonepoint,heattendedameetingoftheBibleSocietywhiletherewasaslaveauctiontakingplaceintheyardoutside.Hewrote,Oneearthereforeheardthegladtidingsofgreatjoy,whilsttheotherwasregaledwith'Going,gentlemen,going'!•1.Emerson’stranscendentalism:Theover-soul—itisanall-pervadingpowergoodness,fromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallareapart.Itisasupremerealityofmin