Input and interaction and second language acquisit

InputandinteractionandsecondlanguageacquisitionIntroductionThreedifferentviewsaboutinput:BehaviorismMentalistInteractionalBehaviorismBehavioristsproposeadirectrelationbetweeninputandoutput.stimulifeedbackSpeakersmodelspeechLearnersinternalizedFeedbacksintheformofcorrectionorpositivereinforcementHumanbeingsarepassivelyfedandoperated.AppropriatestimuliandadequatefeedbackLearningisinfluencedbyexternalfactorsMentalistBlackBoxLearnersareequippedwithinnateknowledgeofthepossibleformsthatanysinglelanguagecantake,andusetheinformationsuppliedbytheinputtoarriveattheforms.InteractionistLinguisticenvironmentandinternalmechanismsInputhasadeterminingfunctioninlanguageacquisition,butonlywithintheconstraintsimposedbythelearner’sinternalmechanisms.Question1:WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheinputthatL2learnerstypicallyreceive?Question2:HowdoestheinputinfluenceL2acquisition?ThischapterfocusedonL2inputandnon-instructionalsetting(natural)MethodsforinvestigatinginputandinteractionDataanalysisincludinglinguisticanalysisanddiscourseandconversationalanalysis.Linguisticanalysis:suchaswordfrequencyininputorthecomplexityofinput.Discourseandconversationalanalysis:suchastopicsandstrategies.CharacteristicsofinputtolanguagelearnersInputtext:whatnativespeakersactuallysayorwrite(differentfromwhatreferencebookssaynativespeakerusageconsistsof)Inputdiscourse:specialformsandusagesthathavebeenusedwhenspeakersaddresslanguagelearners.(interactionshapesinput)inputInputtextInputdiscourseAdjustmentto‘baby-talk’or‘caretakertalk’,and‘foreignertalk’ininputdiscourse.Adjustmenttochildrenintone,lexis,syntax,etc.e.g.morecontentwordsandanarrowrangeofvocabularyitems.Shortersentencesandlessincomplexity.Fewersubordinateandcoordinateconstructions.Degenerated?Only10%oftotalmothers’utterancesisnotfluentorintelligibleorofrun-onsentences.Topics(parentstochildren)Familiartopics:eating,havingaboth,gettingdressed,lookingatpicturebooks,playinggames,etc.Here-and-nowprinciple:talkingabouttopicswhichcanbeunderstoodintermsofobjectsphysicallypresentandactionsthataretakingplaceatthetime.Interactionalmodificationsmakeplentifuluseofattention-getter.(hey,look,etc)Checkcomprehensionandrepeatutterancesfrequently.Pickuptheredone.Findtheredone.Notthegreenone.Iwanttheredone.Canyoufindtheredone?Toaidcommunication(tounderstandandtobeunderstood)ToteachlanguageTosocializethechilde.g.ifachildrefersahorseasadog:Themothereithersays‘No,it’sahorsie’(Explicitcorrection)Or‘yes,thehorsieisjumping.(implicitcorrection)Threefeaturesofmothertalk:1)Itismoregrammaticalthanspeechaddressedtoadults2)Itissimpler3)ItismoreredundantsummaryThereisnowplentifulevidencetoshowthatthespeechthatcaretakersaddresstochildreniswell-adaptedtotheirlinguisticabilityies,particularlycomprehension.ForeignertalkGrammaticalandungrammaticalFormalandinformalInteractionalDiscoursestructurefunctionsUngrammaticalinputmodificationsOmissionofgrammaticalfunctorssuchasbe,the,a/an,conjunctions,etc.ExpansionReplacement/rearrangementYougivememoneynowantplayMarryadoctorUngrammaticalFTismorelikelywhenthelearner’sproficiencyislow.UngrammaticalFTismorelikelywhenthenativespeakerisorthinksheorsheisofhigherstatus.HehaspriorexperienceofusingFTtonon-speakersoflowproficiency.ProcessofmodificationSimplificationRegularizationElaborationTypeofspeechExampleBaseline(tonativespeakers)The747isalarge-sizedjetmanufacturedbyBoeing,anAmericancompany,withaseatingcapacityofover500,arrangedontwodecks.SimplifiedWell,er,…the747’sabigjet.Ander…er…it’saBoeing,anAmericanplane.Er…there’sover500seatswither…someontopander…somedownbelow.TypeofspeechExampleRegularizedThe747,itisabigjet.ItismadebyBoeingwhichisanAmericancompany.Theseats,theyareontwolevels.Thereisatoplevelandabottomlevel.ElaboratedTheBoeing747orjumbo,asitiscalled,isaverylargejet,manufacturedormadebyanAmericancompany,afirminSeattleUSA.Ithasthecapacityorspacetoseatalargenumberofpassengers,over500people.Theseatsareontwodecksorlevels,someupontopandsomedownbelow.InteractionalmodificationsDiscoursemanagementTopicThefunctionsofforeignertalkTopromotecommunicationTosignal,implicitlyorexplicitly,speakers’attitudestowardstheiraddressees,Toteachthegargetlanguageimplicitly.InterlanguagetalkLanguagethatlearnersreceiveasinputwhenaddressedbyotherlearners.Adequateaccesstothegrammaticalpropertiesofthetargetlanguage.