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IntroductionThisisadetaileddescriptionofthepronunciationofthePortugueselanguageasspokeninPortugal,andhowitcorrespondstothewrittenlanguage.Manyoriginalsoundsamplesillustratetheuniquesoundsofthelanguage.Moredetailsaboutthesoundsamplesandtheircopyrightcanbefoundhere.ThisdescriptiondoesnotfullycoverthepronunciationofBrazilianPortuguese,althoughsomeofthemorestrikingdifferencesareindicatedwhereappropriate.Thedescriptionsarepresentedorderedintwodifferentways:AlphabeticallyThisenablesthereadertolookupinformationaboutthepronunciationofwrittenwords,bylookingforalphabeticcharactersandcombinationsthereof,aloneandasinfluencedbyneighbouringcharacters.Thevariousphonemeseachletterorlettercombinationrepresentsareexemplified,andcross-linkedtothecorrespondingentryofthePhonemiclisting.Somecommentsaregiveninthealphabeticlistingtoo,butthemoredetaileddescriptionsareinthephonemiclistingandthenotes.Phonemically.Herethephonemesofthelanguagearepresented,consonantsfromthefrontofthemouthtotheback,vowelsfromfronttobackandfromhightolowtonguepositions,monophthongsanddiphthongs.Examplesandsoundsamplesaregiven,usuallythesameasinthealphabeticlisting,andtherearecross-linkstothewayorwayseachphonemecanbewritten.VoweldiagramSampleoriginsNotesStressrulesLinkstoglossariesPhonemiclistingPhonemesummaryIntroductionConsonantsNon-nasalisedvowelsNasalisedvowelsNon-nasaliseddiphthongsNasaliseddiphthongsQuick-clicktophonemes:/p//b//f//v//m//w//t//d//s//z//n//l//r//S//Z//J//L//j//k//g//R\//i//e//E//1//3//a//u//o//O//i~//e~//3~//u~//o~//ui//oi//Oi//3i//Ei//ai//ou//eu//Eu//au//u~i~//o~i~//3~i~//3~u~/Phonemicsymbol2)Combination/context1)ExamplewordEnglishtranslationCommentsConsonants/p/ppai,porto/portu/©,porta/pOrt3/©father,harbour,doorBilabial,notaspirated.Forthevoweldifferencebetweenportoandporta,seealsoRegularalternations,itemPronouns./b/bLisboa©,Lisboa©,vaiobemfugindo©LisbonAllophones:althoughthisisasinglephoneme,itsexactrealisationdependsoncontext.Moredetailsinnote19,item1./f/fafago©caressLabiodental/v/vverde,voz©,vaiobemfugindo©green,voiceAlwayslabiodental,asinmostotherlanguages.Notbilabial,asinSpanish,anditdoesn'tcoincidewith/b/,asdoeswrittenvinSpanish.Thesamplevaiobemfugindo©showsthedifferencebetweenlabiodental/v/(invai)andbilabial[B](inobem).Regionalvariant:InthenorthofPortugal,thelettervispronouncedinawayPhonemicsymbol2)Combination/context1)ExamplewordEnglishtranslationCommentssimilartob./m/VmVamanhãtomorrowNote3,item3BmVmanhãmorning/w/CuVguardar,quase,água©keep,almost,waterSeenote10.VuVcauã,acauã,uacauãNamesofaBrazilianbirdItishardtofindexamplesofthisintervocalicuinnormaleverydaywords.Itisfoundinmanybirds'andplants'names.Theexamplesgivenhereareloan-wordsfromTupi.CoVmágoas©,Coimbra,moedahurts,Coimbra,coinItisquestionableif/w/isaseparatephonemeofPortugueseatall,alsobecauseitneveroccursbeforeavowel/u/.Somaybethis/w/isinfactsimplythevowel/u/inapositionwhereitgetsintoclosecontactwithaneighbouringvowel.wWordWordNeverinnormalPortuguesewords,onlyinrareloans./t/ttriste©,tom©sadThisisalwaysadental[t_d],notanalveolar[t].Notaspirated.InBrazil,manypalatalisethisphonemebeforehighfrontvowels,asintriste[triSt'i]©andgente[Ze~t'i]©.Seenote23,item3./d/dDeus©GodThissoundisalwaysdental,notalveolar.Allophones:althoughthisisasinglephoneme,itsexactrealisationdependsoncontext.Moredetailsinnote19,item2.InBrazil,manypalatalisethisphonemebeforehighfrontvowels,asingrande[gr3~d'i]©.Seenote23,item3./s/BsVsem©withoutAllophone[s],never[S].Note3,item2VssVdissehesaid,shesaid,IAllophone[s],never[S].Phonemicsymbol2)Combination/context1)ExamplewordEnglishtranslationCommentssaidçAOUfaçoIdo,ImakeAllophone[s],never[S].cEIcéu©,céus©heaven(s)Allophone[s],never[S].Vsfazesyoudo,youmakeAllophone[S].Iconsiderthissoundaspartofphoneme/s/,althoughinPortugalitnearlyalwayssoundsthesameorpracticallythesameasphoneme/S/or/Z/.Seealsozand/z/,andnote5,item1.Thisfinal[S]oftenseemsvoiced,andsobehavesthesameasthecorresponding[Z]allophoneofphoneme/z/.VsCLisboa©,Deusdeu©,dassendas©,Lisbon,Godgave,frompathsAllophone[S].Sameasaboveforwrittensinword-finalposition.Inthefirsttwoexamples,the[S]becomes[Z]duetoassimilationwiththevoiced/b/=[B]or/d/=[D]thatfollows.Whereafinalsmeetsaninitials,thereisnoassimilation:theybothretaintheirownallophoniccharacter(althoughsomebooksdenythis;anditmaywellbedifferentinBrazil).Thissample,dassendas©,isaveryclearexampleofhowthesesoundsmeet.Asimilarsituation,withfinal/z/insteadofs,isumavozsemtom©.Aboutinitialesbeforeaconsonant,seealsonote20.xmáximo,próximo,trouxe,auxiliar,auxíliomaximum,next,hebrought/carried,help/support,helpAllophone[s],not[S].Onlyinsomewords,mostofwhicharementionedhere.xfixar,maxilafix/fasten/attach,Spellingxleadstopronunciation/ks/inwordslikethese.Phonemicsymbol2)Combination/context1)ExamplewordEnglishtranslationCommentsjaw/z/zVfazesyoudoSoundsas[z]zF(alsozC)faz,voz©shedoes,voiceAllophone[Z].Seealsosand/s/,andnote5,item1.Inumavozsemtom©thefinalzofvozandtheinitialsofsemdonotassimilate.Seealso/s/andthesampledassendas©.VsVcasa,meusolhos©house,myeyesSoundsas[z]BexVexam