词类作用例词1.(n.)名词表示人或事物的名称。Iboughtabook.Sheisastudent.2.(pron.)代词代替名词、数词等。Thisismyfriend.Helikesthatbookbecauseitisveryusefultohim.PartsofSpeach3.(adj.)形容词表示人或事物的特征或性状。Heissmallbutheisclever.Theredpenisusefulfortheteacher.Hepaintedthewallwhiteyesterday.4.(num.)数词表示数目或顺序。TherearetenapplesonthetableandIwilltakethefirstone.5.(v.)动词表示动作或状态。WeareworkinghardatEnglish.Iwanttobecomeanengineer.6.(adv.)副词表示动作的特征或性状特征。IlikeEnglishverymuch.Theteachertreatsuskindly.Thetraingoesfast.Heseldomcomestoseeus.7.(prep.)介词表示名词、代词和其他词之间的关系。HeusuallystayathomeonSundays.8.(conj.)连词连接词与词或句与句的作用。HeandIareinthesameclassandwearegoodfriends.TwoorthreeofuscandancewellbutIcan’t.9.(interj.)感叹词表示强烈的感情Oh!Howbeautifulthesceneis!Whatagoodidea!Goodness!10.(art.)冠词用来限制名词的意义Ihaveapetdog.Thedogisverylovely.Heisanoldmanbutverystrong.句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语中句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等。在句子中的顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。主语主语是句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。1.名词充当主语。Youngpeoplelovepopmusic.Oldpeoplepreferclassicalmusic.2.代词充当主语。如:Itrainsquiteofteninspring.Shewasinabadmood.3数词充当主语。如:Twoplustwomakesfour.Fivewillbeenough.4.名词化的形容词或-ed分词充当主语。如:Thedisabledarewelltakencareof.5.不定式充当主语。如:Toworkouttheseproblemsisnoeasyjob.It’snoteasytolookafterasickoldman.6.-ing分词充当主语。如:Spittinginpublicisnotallowed.Beingwithyouisterrific.It’snousecryingoverthespiltmilk.(形式)主语(真正的)主语7.从句充当主语(该从句称作主语从句)。ThatMissGrayspeaksChinesesurprisedusall.关联词主语(从句)HowtheCartoonbecameaninstanthitisalongstory.关联词主语(从句)一、主语1.Thesunrisesintheeast.()2.Helikesdancing.()3.Twowillbeenough.()4.Seeingisbelieving.()6.Toseeistobelieve.()7.Whentoholdthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.()8.Whatheneedsisabook.()9.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.()名词代词数词动名词不定式疑问词+不定式从句It作形式主语,that从句是真正的主语当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时,为保持句子结构前后平衡,避免头重脚轻,因此常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无词义。什么情况下用it作形式主语?你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗?1)Itiswrongtotellalie.()2)Itisnousearguingaboutit.()3)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.()说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。二、谓语谓语(predicate)用来说明主语的动作、行为以及状态。在陈述句中,谓语动词位于主语之后。谓语动词是谓语部分的中心,谓语动词和谓语二者不完全是同一概念。只是人们习惯上把它们统称为“谓语”或“动词”。谓语部分是对主语所作的说明,是说话的人要传递的信息,包括谓语动词、宾语、补语及状语。谓语动词的主要类型:单一动词、动词短语1.单一动词充当谓语。Theylaughedintheend.Whobrokeit?2.动词短语充当谓语。Thestudentsaresinging.(进行时)Theseyoungguysdon’twanttostayhome.(助动词+否定词+动词)Wecandoitbetter.(情态动词+动词)Wewereaskedtostopimmediately.(被动语态)Wetakeahotbatheveryday.P1easehavealookatthenewlab.动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.△情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.TheycanspeakEnglishwell.Theyareplayingoverthere.1)状态系动词,用来表示主语状态,只有be一词Heisateacher.2)持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stayHealwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。系动词3)表像系动词,用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:Helookstired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.4)感官系动词,主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThisflowersmellsverysweet.5)变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHebecamemadafterthat.6)终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnoutTherumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语·宾语(object)表示动作的承受者,在句中一般放在及物动词之后。宾语的主要类型:名词、代词、副词、不定式、-ing分词、从句等。1.名词充当宾语。如:Drywoodcatchesfireeasily.Generalquestionscan’tpuzzlethecleverboy.2.代词充当宾语。如:Wecaninvitethemtoourparty.Ifyoudon’tknowtheway,askher.3.副词充当宾语。如:Theathleteslefttherejustnow.4.不定式充当宾语。如:Remembertobringyourcellphone.5.-ing分词充当宾语。如:Youwon’tforgetattendinghisfarewellconcert.Theystoppedsmokingatlast.6.从句充当宾语。如:Doyouknowhowseriousthesituationis?Idon’tunderstandwhatyoumean.上面提到的宾语的作用是表示动作的承受者。此外,宾语还可以表示:①动作的结果。如:Theydiggedahole.②动作的目的。如:Shenoddedassent.宾语1.Shelivedahappylife.()2.Iloveyou.()3.Weneedtwo.()4.Doyoumindmyopeningthedoor?()5.HebegantolearnEnglishayearago.()6.Hedidnotknowwhattosay.()7.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?()8.Shefeltitherdutytotakegoodcareofthem.()名词代词数词动名词不定式疑问词+不定式从句It作形式宾语,不定式是真正的宾语•宾语种类:•(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),•A.直接宾语:表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物.•B.间接宾语:表示动作所向的或所为的人或物,通常指人.•例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.Myparentsboughtmeabirthdaypresent.•间接宾语直接宾语•有时,间接宾语可以放在直接宾语之后,不过,在间接宾语前要加一个介词to或for。•如:Myparentsboughtabirthdaypresentforme.•直接宾语介词间接宾语跟to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等,例如HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.跟for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等,例如:Sheboughtagiftforhermother.2.复合宾语宾语+宾补叫复合宾语,复合宾语有以下几种类型:a名词(代词)+不定式b名词(代词)+分词c名词(代词)+名词d名词(代词)+形容词a.名词(代词)+不定式Johnaskedmetohelphim.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.b.名词(代词)+分词(现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动)Ifoundhimstandingatthegate.Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingviolently.Atthattimewewerethereandsawitdone.c.名词(代词)+名词(作宾补的表示独一无二的职位前不加the.)TheyappointedherheadoftheEnglishDepartment.Theymadehimcaptainoftheship.Weelecthimourchairman.d.名词(代词)+形容词Wemustkeeptheroomclean.Wefoundherbusy.Ifoundthestoryinteresting.练习:1.IconsiderJimagoodfriend.()2.Ialwaysfindherhappy.()3.Peoplepraisedhimasahero.()4.IhadtheTVfixed.()5.Isawhimenteringthebuilding.()6.Whatmadeyouthinkso?()7.Doyouwantmetogo?()形容词名词介词短语过去分词现在分词省略掉to的不定式不定式五.表语表语(predicative)用来表述主语的特征、身份和状态,常被称作主语补足语(subjectcomplement)。在陈述句中,它的位置在连系动词(1inkverb)之后。“连系动词+表语,’叫做系表结构。连系动词犹如形式上的谓语,真正起谓语作用的是表语。表语的主要类型:名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、-ing分