chinese legal system 中国法律体系发展

CHINESELEGALTraditionConfucianismandLegalisminAncientChinaOriginatedin“SpringandAutumnPeriod”and“WarringStatesPeriods”,ConfucianismandLegalismbecamethetwomainbeliefsinChina,whichheavilyinfluencedthetraditionalChinesesocietyandthelegalsystem.ConfucianismConfucianismis“asocialdoctrinethatdescribesappropriatepersonalbehaviornecessaryformaintainingjustice,fairnessandharmonyinsociety.”ThemainthemeofConfucianismwasthesuperiormanandawell-orderedsociety.Li（Rite）“Li”governedsocialrelationships,includingthosebetweenrulingandruled,theseniorandthejunior,manandwoman,andtheblood-relatedandtheacquainted.LiZhi(RulebyLi,礼治)Thegoalof“LiZhi”istoachieveaharmonioussocialorderinwhich“eachpersonisabletorealizehisorherfullpotentialasahumanbeingthroughmutuallybeneficialrelationswithothers.”LegalismItfocusedonthewaythatrulergovernthestates.Legalistsaimedatdesigningasystemthatcouldworkindependentlyfromruler’sowncharacteristics.Threetools:law(法)tactic(术)Power(势)LawLegalistsemphasizedtheprincipleof“rulebylaw”,claimingthatcodified,publiclypromulgatedlawsshouldbeimpartiallyappliedexceptagainstthehighestruler.“灋”TheydisagreedwithConfucianism’sopinionthat“theLidoesnotreachdowntothecommonpeople;penallawdoesnotreachuptothegreatofficial.”Astateneededstrictlawsandharshpunishmentstomaintainorder.“灋”LawAsetofadministrativetechniquesandmethodwhichinfluencesallaspectsofruler’scontrol.Key:maketherulermysterioussothatnoonecanpredictruler’smotivationTacticRulershouldholdtheabsolutepowerandhaveprivilegeoverallsubjects.Power•TherelationshipbetweensocialorderandlawLivs.law•HowChinesesocietyshouldberuledbyethicsvs.bylawDifferencesBetweenConfusianismandLegalismTheLinkageofConfucianismandLegalismAfterthe“SpringandAutumnPeriod”and“WarringStatesPeriods”,DongZhongshurevisedConfucius’classicsbycombingthefunctionofLiandLawinHanDynasty.Dong’stheoryemphasizedthesupremacyofLiandthesubservienceoflaw.Itestablishedthethreeauthorities:•theemperor’sauthorityoverhisministers,•afather’sauthorityoverhischildren,and•ahusband’sauthorityoverhiswife.TheLinkageofConfucianismandLegalismFamilyrulesChinesefamilysystememphasizesthesupremacyofseniorityandpatriarchy.Theintensefamilysolidaritythatgivesindividualspsychologicalandeconomicsecuritythroughmembershipinatightlyknitgroup.Thefamilyconceptextendedtothestatelevel.Theemperorwasconsideredasthefatherofthestate.Theemperor’sauthorityandrelationshipwithhispeoplewerethesameasthoseinthefamilysystem.FamilyrulesModernizationofChineseLaw•Intheearly20thcentury,Chinesegovernmentbegantoreviseandtomodernizeitslaw.•Legaltransplant•Asaresultofnewinfluencefromoutsideworld,codessimilartowesternlawwereformulated.•DraftsofcriminalandcivillawcompiledbyJapaneselegaladvisors;copiedmainlyfromEuropeanandJapaneselaw(Civillawsystem).ModernizationofChineseLawModernizationofChineselawLawintheRepublicofChinaismainlyacivillawsystem.SixCodes:theConstitution,theCivilCode,theCodeofCivilProcedures,theCriminalCode,theCodeofCriminalProceduresandinAdministrativeLaws.Theadoptionofthe“SixCodes”alteredtheChineselegalsystemfromasingle,unifiedcodefocusedoncriminallawtoasystemofseparatecodesforseparateareasoflaw.ModernizationofChineselawContemporaryChineselegalsystemFormalSourcesofChineseLaws：•TheConstitutionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina•Nationallaws(Writtenlaws)•Administrativeregulations（行政法规）andministerialrules(部门规章)•Localdecrees/regulations（地方性法规）•Autonomyregulations（自治条例）andseparaterules（单行条例）•ThelawsofSpecialAdministrativeRegion（特别行政区法）•Internationaltreaties（国际条约）ContemporaryChineselegalsystemFormalSourcesofChineseLaws：•ThehighestandultimatesourceoflegalnormsinChina.•IssuedbyNationalPeople’sCongress.•Itestablishestheframeworkandprinciplesofthegovernment,andliststhefundamentalrightsanddutiesofChinesecitizens.ConstitutionFormalSourcesofChineseLaws•IssuedbytheNationalPeople‘sCongressandtheStandingCommitteeoftheNPC（人大常委会）.•AdministrativeregulationsareissuedbytheStateCouncil.•Ministerialrulescanbeissuedbydifferentstateorgans.NationalLawsAdministrativeregulationsandministerialrulesFormalSourcesofChineseLaws•IssuedbylocalPeople'sCongressesLocaldecrees/regulationsAutonomyregulationsandseparaterules•IssuedbyPeople’sCongressesoftheNationalAutonomousRegionsFormalSourcesofChineseLaws•SignedinternationaltreatiesareinpracticeautomaticallyincorporatedintoPRClawThelawsofSpecialAdministrativeRegion•IssuedbytheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople'sCongressandthegovernmentofSpecialAdministrativeRegionInternationaltreatiesFormalSourcesofChineseLaws•TheProcuratorateSystem•TheCourtsystem•ThePublicSecurityJudicialSysteminChinaTheProcuratorateSystem•LocalPeople’sProcuratorates；•IntermediatePeople’sProcuratorates；•HighPeople’sProcuratorates；•TheSupremePeople’sProcuratorate.(1)InvestigationofcertaintypesofCriminalCasesandprosecutetotheCourt；(2)ApprovalofarrestandprosecutethecriminalcasesinvestigatedbythePublicSecurityOrgan；(3)Supervisethetrial.FunctionsofthePeople’sProcuratoratesThejudicialauthorityofthePRCisexercisedbythefollowingpeople'scourts:localpeople'scourtsatvariouslevels;militarycourt