宏观期末知识点总结

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宏观知识点总结Chapter26theexchangerateandbalanceofpayment1.名义利率和实际利率的概念,要区分;二者的关系,那个公式。明白一国货币升值表示什么意思。(掌握)2.tradedweightedindex(了解)3.对一国货币的供给和需求的分析一,供给和需求决定汇率,要知道哪些因素影响一国货币的供给和需求,相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动(重点)。二,对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供给,要清楚某一种货币供给需求变化后,另一种货币的供给和需求会如何变化。(重点)4.利率平价和购买力平价(掌握)5.internationaltrade(了解)6.汇率政策。理解什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和crawlingpeg。注意区分。(掌握)Chapter27(AD-ASmodel)ThemainpurposeofAD-ASmodel:explainchangesinrealGDPandpricelevel,whichleadstobusinesscyclefluctuationsaroundpotentialGDP.1、区分宏观中的长短期宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分:在长期中,价格是具有伸缩性的,价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态;在短期中,价格是具有粘性的(sticky),实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.2、总供给(AggregateSupply)2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。ThequantityoflaboremployedThequantityofphysical,humancapitalQuantityofrealGDPsuppliedThestateoftechnologyASPricelevel2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线2.2.1长期总供给(long-runaggregatesupply)a、Inthelongrun,themoneywageratechangesinstepwiththepricelevel;b、TrytoexplainwhytheLAScurveisvertical.(重点)thepricelevelchangebytherealwageratethemoneywagethesamepercentagedoesnotchangerateatthefull-employmentlevelrealGDP=potentialGDPpotentialGDPisindependentofthepricelevelLAScurveisvertical2.2.2短期总供给(short-runaggregatesupply)a、intheshortrun,themoneywagerate,thepricesofotherresourcesandpotentialGDPremainconstant;b、TrytoexplainwhytheSAScurveslopesupward.Intheshortrun,whenthepricelevelrisesrealwageratedeclinesthecostofproductiondecreasesemploymorelaborsincreasesproduction(realGDP)黏性工资模型在超短期中,总供给曲线是水平的。外生变量内生变量2.3总供给的变动AnincreaseintheFull-employmentquantityoflaborAnincreaseinthechangesinbothofLASandSASquantityofcapitalpotentialGDPcurveshiftAnadvanceintechnologychangesinASDeparturesfromfull-employmentchangesinExpectationsaboutthemoneywageonlySAScurveshiftsinflationrate3、总需求(Aggregatedemand)3.1总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系Basicformula:Y(实际GDP需求量)=C+I+G+(X-M)aggregatePriceleveldemand3.2总需求曲线TrytoexplainwhytheADcurveslopesdownward.Method1PricelevelrealwealthsavingWealthEffectcurrentconsumptionADcurveslopesdownwardADIntertemporalsubstitutionSubstitutionInternationalpriceEffctsMethod2ToanalysistherelationshipbetweenthepricelevelandrealGDPbyusingthequantitytheoryofmoney.3.3影响总需求变动的因素Expectation,Fiscalandmonetarypolicy,Theworldeconomic(这部分的变化分析要求理解掌握,课本上有具体的总结解释)4、短期均衡与长期均衡短期均衡:SAS=AD(attention:themoneywagerateisfixed)长期均衡:货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。(重点)Inthelong-runequilibrium,potentialGDPdeterminesrealGDP,andpotentialGDPandADdeterminethepricelevel.凯恩斯主义:强调短期均衡;新古典主义:强调长期均衡5、AS-AD模型的运用(重点)5.1解释经济增长,经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀5.2解释经济周期(短期经济波动)5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应(通胀缺口和萧条缺口)5.4总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀,思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派古典主义:经济能够自我调节,回归充分就业状态(长期);新古典认为技术的变化是造成经济波动的主要原因。凯恩斯主义:强调政府干预,经济不能自身调节货币主义:在货币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下,经济能够自我调节,处于充分就业的均衡状态Chapter28ExpenditureMultipliers:TheKeynesianModel凯恩斯模型前提假设:1.Price-levelisfixed2.AggregatedemanddeterminesrealGDPAggregateplannedexpenditure:C+I+G+X-M(注意均为planned的情况而非实际情况,C,M有部分是自发性的①Consumptionandsavinga.Factorsinfluenceconsumptionandsaving:1.Disposalincome增加(减少),c,s增加(减少);2.Realinterestrate增加(减少),c减少(增加),s增加(减少);3.Wealth增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加);4.Expectedfutureincome增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加)b.Consumption,savingfunctionsP673c.MPC,MPS,MPI:MPC+MPS=1,MPI=changesininvestment/changesinrealGDP②AggregatePlannedExpenditurea.Autonomousexpenditure:I,G,X,部分C,MInducedexpenditure:C,M计算autonomousexpenditure:realGDP=0时的aggregateplannedexpenditureb.AECurveP677c.Actualaggregateexpenditure=RealGDPAggregateplannedexpenditure≠RealGDP(inventories的作用)Aggregateplannedexpenditure>RealGDP,inventories减少;Aggregateplannedexpenditure<RealGDP,inventories增加。d.Equilibriumexpenditure:Aggregateplannedexpenditure=RealGDP③MultiplierMultiplier=changesinequilibriumexpenditure/changesinautonomousexpenditure=△Y/△A=1/(1-theslopeofAE)Multiplier1的原因:autonomousexpenditure的增加会带来realGDP增加,进而增加inducedexpenditure。当无incometax,imports时,multiplier=1/(1-MPC)=1/MPS当有incometax,imports时,multiplier1/(1-MPC),1/MPS④AS-ADandAggregateexpendituremodelsa.veryshortrun(物价不变,SAS水平,P687)investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移Multiplier=△Y/△Ab.shortrun(物价改变,SAS倾斜,P688)investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,RealGDP减少Multiplier会小于当物价不变的情况c.longrun(物价改变,RealGDP=PotentialGDP,P689)investment增加→AE上移,RealGDP增加,AD右移→物价上升→AE减少,Moneywagerate增加→SAS左移并最终和AD相交回到PotentialGDP水平,AE减少到原水平Multiplier=0Chapter291.demand-pullinflation(MoneyWageRate调节)AninflationthatstartsbecauseaggregatedemandincreasesADemand-PullInflationProcess(P703图)2.cost-pushinflation(Anincreaseincost:themoneywagerateorthemoneypriceofrawmaterials)ACost-PushInflationProcess(P705图)Stagflation:thecombinationofarisingpricelevelandadecreasingrealGDP重点掌握两种类型的图3.expectedinflation.(作图)影响AD和AS的因素4.(重点)short-runPhilipscurve(Theexpectedinflationrate,thenaturalunemploymentrate)当expectedinflationrate=actualinflationrate时,unemploymentrate=naturalunemploymentrate5.(重点)long-runPhilipscurve(actualinflationrate=expectedinflationrate)P209的两个图,short-run和long-run分别怎么变动要掌握6.businesscycle的各种理论(了解)Mainstreambusinesscycletheory,RealbusinesscycletheoryChapter30fiscalpolicy1.Fiscalpolicyistheuseofthefederalbudgettoachievemacroeconom

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