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1直接引语和间接引语引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号““标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?1、人称的转变1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.”——Hesaidthathewasverysorry.2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.——MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：Shesaidtoherson,“I'llcheckyourhomeworktonight.”——Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?”——HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。2、时态的转换直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.——Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”——Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?”——MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?”——HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.“Whydidsherefusetogothere?”theteacherasked.——Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?”——MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.”——Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.Hesaid，“Ihaven'theardfrommyparentsthesedays.”——Hesaidthathehadn'theardfromhisparentsthosedays.3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.”——Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：Hewillsay,“I’lltrymybesttohelpyou.”—Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”——Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.4）当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”——Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”——Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：Hesaid，“Practicemakesperfect.”——Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7）当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，如：Thedoctorsaid,“You'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”——ThedoctorsaidI'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.”——Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”——Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.Theteachersaid,“Youneedn'thandinyourcompositionstoday.”——2Theteachersaidweneedn't/didn'tneedto/didn'thavetohandinourcompositions.Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?”——Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine.〔注〕：此处用hadto代替must更好Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.Student:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?Monitor:Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化直接引语间接引语指示代词this/thesethat/those时间状语nowthentodaythatdaytonightthatnightthisweek(month…)thatweek(month…)yesterdaythedaybeforelastweek(month…)theweek(month…)beforetwoweeks(month)agotwoweeks(months)beforetomorrowthenextdaynextweek(month…)thenextweek(month…)地点状语herethere动词comegobringtakeHesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”他说“我今天早晨见到史密斯了。”→HesaidthathehadmetMr.Smiththatmorning.他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。Hesaid,“Wewenttothecinemayesterday.”他说：“我们昨天去电影院了。”→Hesaidtheyhadgonetothecinemathedaybefore.他说前一天他们去电影院了。Lilysaid,“Iwillcomebacknextmonth.”莉莉说：“我下个月回来。”→Lilysaidthatshewouldgobackthenextmonth.莉莉说她下一个月就回去。Hesaid,“Itisnineo'clocknow.”他说：“现在九点了。”→Hesaidthatitwasnineo'clockthen.他说那时九点了。Hesaid,“Ihaven'tseenhertoday.”他说：“今天我没见到她。”→Hesaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday.他说那天他没有见到她。Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”→Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.她说前一天她去了那儿。Shesaid,“I'llgotheretomorrow.”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.她说第二天她将去那儿。Hesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago.”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这儿。”→Hesaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore.他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。(here→there;ago→before)Shesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”她说：“今晚我将来这儿。”→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethatevening.她说那晚她将去那儿。（come→go；here→there；this→that）以上这些变化,要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here就不必改为there,come也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。3Fathersaid,“Iamfreethisafternoon”父亲说：“我今天下午有空。”→Fathersaidthathewasfreethisafternoon.父亲说他今天下午有空。Hesaid,“Iamgoingtheretomorrow.”他说“我明天去那里。”→Hesaidthathewasgoingtheretomorrow.他说他明天去那里。巧记:去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不可直接说toldthat,如：Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”——HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.Hesaid,“I'llgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”——HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.（不可说toldthat）此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,th