motivation理据-词汇学

LexicologyLecture8motivation理据motivationI.What’smotivation?II.TypesofmotivationIII.LossofmotivationIV.MotivationandculturalbackgroundWhatismotivation?•Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.•词的理据指词义形成的可释性，即某词称呼某物或表达某义的动因、或根据。(蔡基刚)•sunflower,向日葵（太阳花，转莲莲）；rainbow彩虹,lightheartedness,Typesofmotivation1.onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据、phoneticmotivation语音理据2.morphologicalmotivation形态理据3.semanticmotivation语义理据4.etymologicalmotivation词源理据5.morphemicmotivation文字理据•Somewordsarecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Manyofthemarebasedonthesoundsmadebybirds,animals,insectsandsoon.•(onomatopoeticword,imitativeword,orechoword).Thepronunciationsuggeststhemeaning.Onomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary.onomatopoeicmotivationPrimaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundbysound.Herethesoundistrulyand“anechotothesense”Imitationofthesoundofanimal•onomatopoeiaImitationofthesoundofpeopleImitationofthesoundofthenatureonomatopoeicmotivationtheprimaryonomatopoeiasImitationofthesoundofanimal(数量最多)•狮子，老虎：roar狼：howl羊：bleat咩咩Imitationofthesoundofpeoplechatter叽叽喳喳;murmur咕哝;snicker吃吃地笑ImitationofthesoundofthenatureThecarwhizzedbyhim.汽车“嗖”的一声从身边过去了。Thedoorbangedshut.门“砰”地一声关上了。Thunderrumbled.雷声“轰隆”响。thesecondaryonomatopoeiasCertainsoundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsensesinexpressiverelationship.Thatisthesoundsevokeanmovement.Forexample,theEnglishsoundsbash,mash,smash,crash,dash,lash,clash,trash,splash,flashareforEnglishspeakersiconsforsuddenviolentmovementsoractions.e.g.•sk-suggests“touchingormovingonthesurface”skate,skim,skin,ski,sketch,skid•-umpsuggest“protuberance”plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mumponomatopoeicmotivation1.theprimaryonomatopoeiasItistheimitationofsoundbysound.Thereferentitselfisanacousticexperience,whichismoreorlesscloselyimitatedbythephoneticstructureoftheword.2.thesecondaryonomatopoeiasInthesecondaryonomatopoeia,thesoundsevoke,notanacousticexperience,butamovement,orsomephysicalormoralquality,usuallyunfavorable.conclusion•onomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary;someonomatopoeicwordsarenotcompletelymotivatedphoneticallyandareconventionaltoquitealargeextent.Ifyouthrowastoneintowater,thesoundyouhearisbynomeansthesameaswhenyousaysplash.Fliesdonotexactlymakethesoundofbuzz.conclusion•它们必须适应于特定的语音系统，而不是直接地模仿它们所代表的那些个声音。（Lyons,1977）•即使是基本拟声词也存在某种程度的任意性和约定俗成。•英语拟声词大多是动词性的，而汉语拟声词不是动词而时副词性，作状语。ComparativestudybetweenChineseandEnglish1.同一声音在英语和汉语中用相同的拟声词来表达2.同一声音在英语和汉语中用不同的拟声词来表示•ouch——哎哟受痛时的叫喊声•clip-clop——马蹄得得声•tick-tack——钟表滴答声•rumble——雷声隆隆3.同一拟声词模拟几种不同的声音•babble婴儿晰呀学语声,流水潺潺作声•smack拍击声,鞭打声,砸嘴声,掌掴声•murmur人的咕哝声,微风的沙沙声,流水的潺潺声,蜜蜂的嗡嗡声•…morphologicalmotivation•Wesaythewordismorphologicallymotivatedforadirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.Thisiscalledmorphologicalmotivation.(Whenoneknowsthemeaningsofthemorphemesorbases,onecandeducethemeaningsofthewords.Onethingworthpointingoutisthatthemorphemes,thecomponentpartsofthesewordsarethemselvesconventional.)•Simplewords---opaquewordsconventional•derivatives•compounds•wordsformedthroughanalogy•loanwordsmorphologicalmotivation•CompoundsandderivedwordsCompoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.eg.preacherpen-friend,penman,pen-namemorphologicalmotivation⑴derivatives•a升+scend=上升•trans越+scend=超越•de下+scend=下降•con一起+de+scend=降格相从•de+scend+ant人=后裔⑵However,incompounds,①Themepark主题公园，freezingpoint冰点，shoelace鞋带，②therearealotofwordswhosemeaningsarenotthecombinationsoftheseparatepartseg.blackmarket,eggplant,midwives,bigwig,egghead,Indiansummer…③somehavebothliteralmeaningandfigurativemeaning,sothemotivationisnotsoobviouseg.night-cap(睡帽；临睡前喝的酒)morphologicalmotivation⑶wordsformedthroughanalogy(见课本)somecompoundverbsthroughanalogyalsohavemotivations(Lu:40)eg.chain-smoke→chain-drinkhalf-starve,half-choke→half-turn,half-risedouble-check→double-bookHotline热线→coldline冷线→chatline聊天热线→helpingline服务热线Braindrain人才外流→braingain人才流入morphologicalmotivation•⑷Loanwords/borrowedwords：wordstakenfromdifferentforeignlanguageseg.Tsinghua,Pekingjiaozi,maotai,morphologicalmotivation•DuringtheperiodofNewCulturalMovement,manyforeignwordsflowintoChinesevocabulary,eg.布尔什维克、德漠克利西、赛恩西斯、费厄泼赖、德律风.•Laterthosewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirmeanings,eg.共产党、民主、科学、公平竞争、电话.Theyhavestrongermotivation.However,mostloanwordsinEnglisharetranslatedformforeignlanguagesaccordingtotheirsounds.Thereforetheyhaveweakermotivation.Chinesevs.English•新文化运动时期,汉语引入了大量的外来词,如布尔什维克、德漠克利西、赛恩西斯、费厄泼赖、德律风等等。习惯了“望文生义”的中国人,对这种词极不适应。后来更多采用意译的方法逐渐将其汉化成现在的共产党、民主、科学、公平竞争、电话。这些词与汉语自然地融合在一起,普通人基本意识不到它们的外来性,理据性当然也随之增强了。•而英语是拼音文字,易于接受其他国家的词汇,因此英语只对其他语言的拼写稍加改变,用音译的方法借入了大量的外来词。相对来说,其理据性就小。Semanticmotivation•Semanticmotivationreferstothementalassociationsuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandthefigurativesenseoftheword.•Types:–Metaphor–Metonymy–Synecdochethemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaningitisconstantandrelativelystable