泛读-Ecology

EcologyWhatisEcologyEcologyisthestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment.Theenvironmentisacombinationofthephysicalenvironment(temperature,wateravailability,etc.)andanyinfluenceonanorganismexertedbyotherorganisms-thebioticenvironment.ThewordecologyisgenerallybelievedtohavebeencoinedbyErnstHacekel(恩斯特.海克尔),whousedanddefineditin1869.Thehistoricalrootsofecologylienotonlyinnaturalhistory,butinphysiology,oceanographyandevolutionaswell.Ithasoccasionallybeencalledscientificnaturalhistory.Humanity,SocietyandEcologyHumanimpactontheenvironmentfortheperceivedbenefitofhumanitywhileatthesametimethemyriadofprocessesinnaturehavebeenoptimizedandarecontinuallyadjustedbyevolution.Humanitydoesn'tjustevolvebiologically,asotherspeciesdo,butalsodevelopsitselfthroughhistory.Thehistoryofecologyisgenerallyspokenofasanewscience,havingonlybecomeprominentinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.Knowledgeofhomosapiens'sbiologicalcharacteristicsdoesn'thelpustounderstandanyparticularproblemintherelationshipbetweenhumanityandnature.capitalistenvironmentalcrisisHaveyoueverheardofthenuclearleakoccurredinFukushimaintheyearof2011;haveyoueverseenthevideomaterialoftheexplosionoftheatomicbombinHiroshima?BothoftheinternationalshockedeventsweretakenplaceinJapan.Oncesomethingmiserablelikethishappened.Theremustbeavoicethathumancivilizationhasmadetoomuchimpactontheearthitself.However,comparedwithfinancialcrisis,mostnationspaymuchlessattentionontheenvironmentalcrisislikeglobalwarming,waterpollution,airpollutionandradiationpollution.Andit‘sabsolutelywrong.Environmentalpollutionhasbeenforalongtime.IntheearlyfourteenthCentury,theBritishcametotheattentionofthesootpollution.FortheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthelate18thcentury,environmentalpollutionhadchangedandevolvedintoaglobalcrisisthatthreattohumansurvivalanddevelopment.In1930s,oilwasasubstantialincreaseintheproportionofhumanuseofenergymix.However,applicationofoilhadbroughtthenewpollutiontoenvironment.Sincethe1950s,theWesterncountriescompetedforeconomicdevelopment,industrializationandurbanizationbecamefaster.Behindthisgrowth,buthiddenahugecrisisofdestructionandpollutionoftheenvironment.Iteventuallycausetheouebrokeofenvironmentalpollution,whichmadetheenvironmentalcrisismoreserious.Theenvironmenthasbeenpollutedistheremarkablecharacteristicsofenvironmentalissuesinthewesternindustrializedstage.GlobalwarmingGlobalwarmingandclimatechangecanbothrefertotheobservedcentury-scaleriseintheaveragetemperatureoftheEarth'sclimatesystemanditsrelatedeffects.Multiplelinesofscientificevidenceshowthattheclimatesystemiswarming.Itisnosecretthatglaciersarerecedingandsealevelsarerisingeverydaynow.Plantsandanimalsarestrugglingtokeeppacewithourchangingclimate.Tomanyscientistsandresearchersitisbecomingclearthathumanactivityisoneoftheprincipalcausesofglobalwarming.ReasonFundamentalfactthatthecapitalistmodeofproductionhasbeenbuiltonburningfossilfuels,totheexclusionofotherenergysources.Onemajorreasonisthatfossilfuelsreservescanbeowned,andthatthosewhoownthemthenhavethemonopolyontheresource.Anotherreasonwhycapitalismdependsonfossilfuelsisthattheyenableverycentralizedandstandardizedenergysystem,ahighdegreeofsocialcontrol,andauniformmarketthatfavorscorporateinvestment.capitalistpolicyWesterncountriesandthesocietyingeneraltowakethemselvesfromtheconsequencesofenvironmentalcrisisandunderstandthenecessityandimportanceofprotectingtheenvironment.Theybegantocalmlyreflectonthepast,changethetraditionalconceptofignoringthenatureandestablishthemodernideasofharmoniousdevelopment.Inaction,theWesterncountriesactivelyadjusttherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Manycountriesunifyeconomicdevelopmentwiththeenvironment.Inaddition,peoplearechangingconsumerattitudes.Theybegantoconsciouslycontactconsumptionwiththeenvironment.Environmentalethicsisincreasinglybeingacceptedbythepeople,asthenormstoregulatepeople'senvironmentalbehavior.Nowadays,ecologicalcrisisthreatenshumansurvivalanddevelopment,inthecaseofmanydevelopingcountriesstillrepeatthemistakesfromthehighlyregardedmoralattitudestothenaturalenvironment,callingmankindtoestablishascientificenvironmentalvalues,inspirepeoplemoralresponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment,itisverynecessaryandurgent.