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智课网GMAT备考资料1GWD-TN-12T-4-Q1TS-7-41Scientistshavedatedsharp-edgedflakesofstonefoundinthefine-grainedsedimentsofadryriverbedintheAfarregionofEthiopiatobetween2.52and2.60millionyearsago,pushingbackbymorethan150,000yearstheearliestdatewhenitisknownthathumansmadestonetools.A.whenitisknownthathumansmadeB.atwhichitisknownthathumanshadmadeC.atwhichhumansareknowntohavemadeD.thathumansareknowntobemakingE.ofhumanswhowereknowntomakeT-4-Q2Twentyyearsago,Balzaniaputinplaceregulationsrequiringoperatorsofsurfaceminestopayforthereclamationofmined-outland.Sincethen,reclamationtechnologyhasnotimproved.Yet,theaveragereclamationcostforasurfacecoalminebeingreclaimedtodayisonlyfourdollarspertonofcoalthatthemineproduced,lessthanhalfwhatitcosttoreclaimsurfaceminesintheyearsimmediatelyaftertheregulationstookeffect.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoaccountforthedropinreclamationcostsdescribed?A.EvenafterBalzaniabeganrequiringsurfacemineoperatorstopayreclamationcosts,coalminesinBalzaniacontinuedtobelessexpensivetooperatethancoalminesinalmostanyothercountry.B.Inthetwentyyearssincetheregulationstookeffect,theuseofcoalasafuelhasdeclinedfromthelevelitwasatintheprevioustwentyyears.C.MineoperatorshavegenerallyceasedsurfacemininginthemountainousareasofBalzaniabecausereclamationcostspertonofcoalproducedareparticularlyhighforminesinsuchareas.D.EvenafterBalzaniabeganrequiringsurfacemineoperatorstopayreclamationcosts,surfaceminescontinuedtoproducecoalatalowertotalcostthanundergroundmines.2E.Ascomparedtotwentyyearsago,agreaterpercentageofthecoalminedinBalzaniatodaycomesfromsurfacemines.T-4-Q3Currently26billionbarrelsayear,worldconsumptionofoilisrisingatarateof2percentannually.A.worldconsumptionofoilisrisingatarateofB.theworldisconsumingoilatanincreasingrateofC.theworld’soilisbeingconsumedattheincreasingrateofD.theriseintherateoftheworld’soilconsumptionisE.oilisconsumedbytheworldatanincreasingrateofT-4-Q4TurningawayfromliteraryrealismtowriteromanticstoriesaboutthepeasantlifeandlandscapeofnorthernSweden,in1909SelmaLagerlofwasthenovelistwhobecamethefirstwomanandwasalsothefirstSwedishwritertowintheNobelPrizeforLiterature.A.TurningawayfromliteraryrealismtowriteromanticstoriesaboutthepeasantlifeandlandscapeofnorthernSweden,in1909SelmaLagerlofwasthenovelistwhobecamethefirstwomanandwasalsothefirstSwedishwritertowinB.SheturnedawayfromliteraryrealismandwroteromanticstoriesaboutthepeasantlifeandlandscapeofnorthernSweden,andnovelistSelmaLagerlofin1909becamethefirstwomanaswellasthefirstSwedishwriterthatwonC.SelmaLagerlofwasanovelistwhoturnedawayfromliteraryrealismtowriteromanticstoriesaboutthepeasantlifeandlandscapeofnorthernSweden,andin1909shebecamethefirstwomaninadditiontothefirstSwedishwriterwinningD.AnovelistwhoturnedawayfromliteraryrealismtowriteromanticstoriesaboutthepeasantlifeandlandscapeofnorthernSweden,SelmaLagerlofbecamein1909thefirstwomanandalsothefirstSwedishwritertowinE.Asnovelist,SelmaLagerlofturnedawayfromliteraryrealismandwroteromanticstoriesaboutthepeasantlifeandlandscapeofnorthernSweden,in1909becomingthefirstwomanandalsothefirstSwedishwritethatwon34T-4-Q5-Q7Althoughmanylinesofevidenceindicatethatbirdsevolvedfromground-dwellingtheropoddinosaurs,somescientistsremainunconvinced.Theyarguethattheropodsappearedtoolatetohavegivenrisetobirds,notingthatArchaeopteryxlithographica–theoldestknownbird–appearsinthefossilrecordabout150millionyearsago,whereasthefossilremainsofvariousnonavianmaniraptortheropods–theclosestknownrelativesofbirds–dateonlytoabout115millionyearsago.ButinvestigatorshavenowuncoveredbonesthatevidentlybelongtononavianmaniraptorsdatingtothetimeofArchaeopteryx.Inanycase,failuretofindfossilsofapredictedkinddoesnotruleouttheirexistenceinanundiscovereddeposit.Skepticsalsoarguethatthefusedclavicles(the“wishbone”)ofbirdsdifferfromtheunfusedclaviclesoftheropods.Thisobjectionwasreasonablewhenonlyearlytheropodclavicleshadbeendiscovered,butfossilizedtheropodclaviclesthatlookjustlikethewishboneofArchaeopteryxhavenowbeenunearthed.Finally,somescientistsarguethatthecomplexlungsofbirdscouldnothaveevolvedfromtheropodlungs,anassertionthatcannotbesupportedorfalsifiedatthemoment,becausenofossillungsarepreservedinthepaleontologicalrecord.T-4-Q5TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.comparethedevelopmentoftwohypothesesconcerningtheevolutionaryoriginofbirdsB.suggestrevisionstothestandardtheoryoftheevolutionaryhistoryofbirdsC.evaluatetheusefulnessoffossilevidenceindeterminingtheevolutionaryhistoryofbirdsD.challengethetheorythatbirdsevolvedfromground-dwellingtheropoddinosaursE.respondtocriticismsofthetheorythatbirdsevolvedfromground-dwellingtheropoddinosaursT-4-Q6Inthecontextofthepassage,thephrase“fossilsofapredictedkind”(line16)mostlikelyreferstowhichofthefollowing?A.TheropodfossilswithfusedclaviclesB.TheropodfossilsthataresimilarinstructuretoArchaeopteryxfossilsC.Theropodfossilsdatingbackmorethan150millionyearsD.FossilsindicatingthestructureoftheropodlungsE.FossilsindicatingthestructureofArchaeopteryxlungs5T-4-Q7Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassageas