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高三英语总复习基础部分——语法讲解篇2.3高中英语常用语法——定语从句一、定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why,而关系副词往往可以替换为介词+which结构。关系词通常有下列三个作用:A.引导定语从句;B.代替先行词;C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如:Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中,whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句,修饰先行词theman,who是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词theman,在定语从句中作主语。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.注意:关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。3.which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thecompanywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5.whose通常指人,也可指物,多指代所属关系,常翻译为“……的”,在定语从句中作定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.6.as通常引导非限制性定语从句,意义上等同于which引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词通常为一件事情,但as的位置相当灵活,可放句首、句中和句末,而which只能放在先行词之后。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.注意:虽然that在引导定语从句时常常可以和which,who互换,但是在限制性定语从句中某些情况下只能使用that。1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4.当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如:ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如:Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.当先行词为人和物时。如:Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet.三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.Thewayinwhich/thatheansweredthequestionswassurprising.Idon’tlikethewayinwhich/thatyoulaughather.(theway作先行词情况特殊,除可以用inwhich引导定语从句外,还可以用that或者省略。)注意:1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who,that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如:Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.四、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents?2.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichmysonwasborn.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.总结:whenonwhichinwhichatwhichduringwhichwhereinwhichonwhichatwhichtowhichwhyforwhich五、关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中所担当的成分。试比较:A.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.B.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenweweretogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.C.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别1.限制性定语从句形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。意义上:是先行词不可缺少的定语,若删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上:译成先行词的定语:“……的”关系词的使用上:A.作宾语时可省略B.可用thatC.可用who代替whom限制性定语从句举例:TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.Iknowaplacewherewecanhavefun.2.非限制性定语从句形式上:用逗号“,”与主句隔开。意义上:只是对先行词的补充说明,若删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上:通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上:A.不可省略B.不用thatC.不可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句举例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.Heisquiterich,whichcanpartlyexplainhisgenerosity.定语从句专项练习一、请填入适当的关系词。1.Isthisthecomputercompanyyoutalkedaboutyesterday?2.Theweatherturnedfine,madeusveryhappy.3.Theworkerwasinjuredwassenttohospitalatonce.that/which/不填whichwho4.ThatisacountrycultureisquitedifferentfromthatofChina.5.Theseoldpicturesbringtotheirmindthehappydays______________theyspenttogether.6.youknow,moreandmorepeopleliketoliveinthecountry.7.Thegirlisplayingthepianoupstairsismysister.8.Heisoneofthestudentsliketoreadthiskindofbookinmyclass.whosethat/which/不填Aswho/thatwho/that9.Doyouknowthereasonhedidn’tcometoourparty?10.Doyoubelievethereasonheexplainedtohisfather?二、定语从