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ChapterFivePolitenessPrincipleandFaceTheoryContentsI.ApproachestopolitenessII.Leech’sPolitenessPrincipleIII.Brown&Levinson’sFaceTheory3甲：还在吃饭？乙：今天吃得晚点，散步？甲：买菜？乙：嘿，你也买菜？A：Goodmorning,John.B：Goodmorning,Mary.I.Approachestopoliteness4JennyThomas'opinionaboutpolitness1.Politenessasareal-worldgoal:agenuinedesiretobeniceorpleasanttoothers,ortheunderlyingmotivationforanindividual’slinguisticbehavior礼貌所体现的是交际的一种现实目的2.Politenessasdeference:respectpaidtothosewithahighersocialstatus,greaterageorthelike礼貌就是对他人表示敬意或敬重5•3.Politenessasanutterance-levelphenomenon:concernedwiththestudyofformsavailableforperformingparticularspeechactspolitelyandtheperceptionofpoliteness•礼貌是一种话语现象•4.Politenessasapragmaticphenomenon:Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple,andBrownandLevinson’sFaceTheory•礼貌是一种语用现象pragmaticscaleview语用等级观conversational-contractview会话契约观face-managementview面子维护观conversational-maximview会话准则观6•规则一:不要强加于人•适用于交际双方权势和地位不均等的场合,如学生和老师,雇主和雇员之间•规则二:给对方留有余地和空间•适用于交际双方权力地位平等,但社会关系不密切的场合,如商人与顾客•规则三:增进相互之间的友情•适用于好友、恋人之间Lakoff的礼貌三规则7II.Leech’sPolitenessPrinciple英国语言学家利奇(Leech,1983)将语用原则分为“人际修辞”(interpersonalrhetoric)和“篇章修辞”(textualrhetoric)两大类,他的“修辞”指的是交际中有效的运用语言,它由交际双方所遵循的原则和准则组成,准则是原则所包含的较具体的范畴。而礼貌原则则属于人际修辞的范畴。PolitenessprincipleisanecessarycomplementthatmayrescuetheCPfromserioustroubleintheorizing.81.Leech’sapproachtopoliteness•LeechformulatesthePPinbothpositiveandnegativeforms:•(a)maximizetheexpressionofpolitebeliefs;•(b)minimizetheexpressionofimpolitebeliefs.9Leech礼貌原则的六个次准则1得体准则tactmaxim利益分配2慷慨准则Generositymaxim3赞誉准则approbationmaxim评价4谦虚准则modestymaxim5一致准则agreementmaxim对待他人的态度6同情准则sympathymaxim10Tactmaxim(得体准则,策略准则)减少表达有损于他人的观点(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethecosttoothers;使他人受损最小(b)Maximizethebenefittoothers;使他人受惠最大Examples:•Woulditbepossibleforyoutolendmeyourcar?•Couldyoulendmeyourcar?•Willyoulendmeyourcar?•Lendmeyourcar.•Youmustlendmeyourcar.11Generositymaxim(宽宏准则，慷慨准则)减少表达利己的观点(indirectivesandcommissives)(a)Minimizethebenefittoself;尽量让自己少收益(b)Maximizethecosttoself;尽量让自己多吃亏Examples:—Youcanlendmeyourcar.—Icanlendyoumycar.—Youmustcomeandhavedinnerwithus.—Wemustcomeandhavedinnerwithyou.12Approbation(orflattery)maxim（赞誉准则）减少对他人的贬损(inexpressiveandrepresentatives）(a)Minimizedispraiseofothers;尽量少贬低别人(b)Maximizepraiseofothers.尽量多赞誉别人Examples—Whatamarvelousmealyoucooked!—Whatanawfulmealyoucooked!13ModestyMaxim（谦虚准则）减少对自己的赞扬(inexpressiveandrepresentatives）(a)Minimizepraiseofself;尽量少赞誉自己(b)Maximizedispraiseofself.尽量多贬低自己Examples:—Whatabrightboyyouare!Youalwaysgetfullmarks.—Thankyou,Ihaveverygoodteachers.14TheAgreementMaxim（赞同准则，一致准则）减少自己与别人在观点上的不一致(a)Minimizedisagreementbetweenselfandothers;尽量减少双方的分歧(b)Maximizeagreementbetweenselfandothers;尽量增加双方的一致Examples：—Hisgirlfriendisverybeautiful!—No,Idon'tthinkso.—Yes,Icouldn'tagreewithyoumore.15TheSympathyMaxim（同情准则）减少自己与他人在感情上的对立(a)Minimizeantipathybetweenselfandothers;尽量减少双方的反感(b)Maximizesympathybetweenselfandothers.尽量增加双方的同情Examples:—I’mterriblypleasedtohearthatyourcatdied.—I’mterriblysorrytohearthatyourcatdied.16ExercisesaboutPolitenessPrinciple1.Treatyourselytoanafternoonofdimsundelightsatanaffordableprice.OnlyatTaiZiHeen.2.Ourhotelisnow100%smoke-freeforyouraddedcomfort.3.Comeandseeus,andwecanhelpyouorginizeyourprecioustimewithaprofessionally-guidedshoreexcursion.4.Enjoybreakfast,Internetaccess,onepieceoflaundrypressedorwashedandmore.5.EnjoyanunforgettableholidayawayfromthehustleandbustleofthecityatthisluxuryresortinaSentosaandbringhomewithyourbeautifulmemories.6.Avacationcostsolittleinthismagicaltropicalisles.tactmaximagreementmaximsympathymaximmodestymaximapprobationmaximgenerositymaxim17Clashesandtradeoffsbetweenthemaxims(1)Sometimes,theadherencetoonemaximofthePPmayruncountertothatofanother.eg:Mary:whatanicedressyou'rewearing!Helen①:Oh,it'saveryoldone.ItrespectstheModestyMaximbutignorestheAgreementMaxim.Helen②：Yes,it'sbeautiful,isn'tit?ItrespectstheAgreementMaximbutignorestheModestyMaxim.18(2)ConflictsmayalsoarisebetweenacertainmaximofthePPandonemaximoftheCP.eg:Jack:Thiswasamarvelousconcert.Jim:Well,thefirstpiecewasquitenice.ItrespectstheAgreementMaximofPPbutignorestheQuantityMaximofCP.AsLeechobserves,whenmaximsoftheCPandthePPcomeintoconflict,thelattergenerallygainsmoreconsideration.192.TherelationshipbetweenPPandCPRight:thepolitenessprinciplecollaborateswiththecooperativeprincipleininterpretingindirectnessofconversationNotappropriate:thepolitenessprinciplecanrescueorreplacethecooperativeprincipleininterpretingindirectnessofconversationCPwhattheindirectnessisPPthereasonsthattriggerofftheindirectness1.违反合作原则中的量的准则是为了遵守礼貌原则eg:A:We'llallmissBillandMary,won'twe?B:Well,wewillallmissBill.2.违反合作原则中质的准则是为了遵守礼貌原则eg:A:Kellyhasjustborrowedyourbag.B:Well,IlikeTHAT.20213.违反合作原则中的关联准则也是为了遵守礼貌原则eg:A:Whatdoyouthinkofmyboyfriend?B:HisT-shirtisnice.4.违反合作原则的方式准则也是出于礼貌上的需要eg:A:Whereisyourfather?B:Heiseitherinthehouseorinthegarden.223.PP:areformulationGrandStrategyofPoliteness(GSP):Inordertobepolite,SexpressesorimpliesmeaningswhichassociateahighvaluewithwhatpertainstoO(O=otherperson(s),mainlytheaddressee)o