环境工程专业英语

环境工程专业英语陈维芳Autumnsemester,2012推荐教材•环境工程专业英语第二版，华南理工大学，钟理主编•PrinciplesofEnvironmentalEngineeringandScience,清华大学出版社英文影印版Part1IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering•EnvironmentalEngineeringUsingtheprinciplesofbiologyandchemistry,environmentalengineersdevelopsolutionstoenvironmentalproblems•EnvironmentalEngineersInvolvedinwaterandairpollutioncontrol,recycling,wastedisposal,andpublichealthissueswithaknowledgeofenvironmentalengineeringlaws.Theyalsostudytheenvironmentalimpactofproposedconstructionprojects.Musthaveastronggraspofmathematics,includingalgebra,geometryandcalculus;sciences,suchasbiology,chemistry,physicsandcomputersystemsetc.•EnvironmentalScientistsoEnvironmentalScientistsprovidethefundamentaltheoriesusedbyenvironmentalengineerstodesignsolutionsforenvironmentalproblemso“Scientistsdiscoverthingsandengineersmakethemwork”Historicalperspective•TheRomansconstructedaqueductstopreventdroughtandtocreateaclean,healthfulwatersupplyforthemetropolisofRome•Mid-1800-mid-1900:sanitaryengineering(waterpurification)•Afterlate1960s,modernenvironmentalengineeringEnvironmentalsystems•EcosystemAfreshwaterecosysteminGranCanaria,anislandoftheCanaryIslands•WaterresourcesmanagementsystemoWatersupplysubsystemoWastewaterdisposalsubsystem•Airresourcemanagement•Solidwastemanagement•Multimediasystems:environmentalproblemscrosstheair-water-soilboundaryEnvironmentalproblems•Overpopulation:thepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatarea•Pollution:areductioninthequalityoftheenvironmentbytheintroductionofimpuritiesoconcentrationoforganicwastesointroductionofsyntheticchemicalsintotheenvironment•Depletionofresources•Changesintheglobalcondition:ozonelayer,globalwarming•War•Sustainability:Howdowemaintainourecosysteminthelightofmajordepletionofournaturalresources.•Examples:oPollutionpreventionbytheminimizationofwasteproductionoLifecycleanalysisofourproductiontechniquetoincludebuilt-infeaturesforextractionandreuseofmaterialoSelectionofmaterialsandmethodsthathavealonglifeoSelectionofmanufacturingmethodsandequipmentthatminimizeenergyandwaterconsumptionEnvironmentallegislationandregulation•Wildlifeandhabitatprotection(EndangeredSpeciesAct1966)•Waterqualitymanagement(CleanWaterAct1977)oDrinkingwateroWaterpollutioncontrol•Airqualitymanagement(CleanAirAct,1963)•Noisepollutioncontrol(NoisePollutionandAbatementAct,1970)•Solidwastemanagement(SolidWasteDisposalAct,1965)•Hazardouswastemanagement(HazardousandSolidWasteAmendment1984)•Atomicenergyandradiationmanagement(Atomicenergy1946)Environmentalethics•Ethics:thecharacterofapersonasdescribedbyhisorheractions•Environmentalscienceisfundamentallyastudyofphysics,chemistryandbiologyofnaturalsystemsortheenvironment•Chemistryisastudyofmatter•Matterisanysubstancethathasmassandoccupiesspace•Element:cannotbebrokendowntosimplersubstancebyanychemicalreaction•Compounds:substancescontaintwoormoreelements;organic,inorganic•Mixture:amaterialwithvariablecompositions,whichcanbeseparatedbyphysicalmeans•Component:ApartofamixtureorsolutionPart2BasicchemicalconceptsBasicchemicalconcepts•Atoms,elementsandtheperiodictableatomicnumber（原子数）：numberofprotonsmassnumber（质量数）:totalnumberofprotonandneutronisotope（同位素）：atomicnumberthesame,differentnumberofneutronatomicweight（原子量）：averageatomicmassnucleuselectronatomprotonneutronPeriodictable•C:carbon•H:hydrogen•O:oxygen•P:phosphorus•Pb:lead•Ca:Calcium•Zn:Zinc•Hg:mercury•Mg:magnesium•Mn:manganeseChemicalbondingandintermolecularforces•BondingoIonicbond:electrostaticattractionbetweenpositiveandnegativeions(cationandanion)ocovalentbond:sharingofapairofelectronsbetweenatoms•IntermolecularforcesoVanderWaalsforces(dipole-dipoleinteraction,dispersionforces)oHydrogenbondingRelativestrengthofforcesThemole,molarunitsandactivityunit•6.02x1023molecules(Avogadro’snumber)ofasubstanceisonemole•Molecularweight(分子量）：theweightofamoleofsubstance•Molarity:thenumberofmoleperliterofsolution•Activity:ameasureofthe“effectiveconcentration”ofaspeciesinamixtureiiChemicalreactionsandstoichiometry•Chemicalreactions:reactantsproductsoPrecipitation-dissolutionreaction2CaCl2+Na2CO3--CaCO3(s)+2Na++2Cl−oAcid-basereactionsHA+BOH--H2O+BAoComplexationreactionsTransitionmetal,suchasFe3+,Fe2+,Cu2+,Ag+,Pt2+etc.+ligands,suchasNH3、H2O,CN-,SCN-,F-,Cl-oOxidation-reduction(Redox)reaction2S2O32−(aq)+I2(aq)--S4O62−(aq)+2I−(aq)ChemicalequilibriumbadcBADCkdDcCbBaAk:equilibriumconstantChemicalkinetics•Therateofreactionr)(unittimeme)(unitvoluspecieschemicalmassrbaBAkdtCdcdtBdbdtAdar][][][1][1][1OrganicchemistryWaterChemistryConcentrationunitsinaqueoussolutions•Morality(mol/L)•Milligramsperliter(mg/L)•Partspermillion(ppm),ppb,ppt•PercentbyweightAtmosphericchemistry•IdealgaslawPV=nRT•Concentrationofpollutantsinair:usuallyinvolume-volumebasis•Particulatematter:PM2.5(tinyparticlesordropletsintheairthataretwoandhalfmicronsorlessinwidth,μg/m3),PM10•PM2.5standard:long-term:15short-term:35Vocabulary•Anthropogenic:made,orcausedbyhumanactivityoractions•Urbanization•Haz