summary和abstract

第一组：写作技巧——summary讲解，并找出与自己专业相符的2篇期刊论文的summary进行分析。第一组组员朱凯王丹阳吴振宇宦忠圣张玉传左路平王信忠SummaryWhatissummary?(couldyoupleaseanswer?)Asummaryisashortenedversionofanoriginallylongertext.Itisabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage.Itshouldfocusonthepassage’scentralideaandindicateallthemainpointsinthepassagethatsupportthiscentralideaandtherelationshipsbetweenthem.Agoodsummaryshouldbeobjective,concisebutcomplete.Itshouldbefaithfultotheoriginaltextwithnoneofyourpersonalviewpoint.Concisenesscanbeachievedbycombiningsentences,usingphrasesinsteadofsentencesandwordsinsteadofphrases,anddeletingexamples.However,inthemeanwhile,completenessshouldnotbeignored.SummaryvsAbstractSummary是文章的概括和总结的意思,摘要/概要/总结;(大众generalpublic普通用)Abstract是论文摘要。(学术界/论文用)1、Asummaryreflectswhattheoriginalcontains,whereasanabstractreflectswhattheoriginalisabout.2、Asummaryisinformativeinnaturewhileanabstractisdescriptiveinnature.Adescriptiveabstractonlypresentsthebroadestview,andoffersnofactsfromtheoriginal.3、Asummaryconsistsofbriefstatementsthatpresentthemainpointsinaconciseform,whileanabstractisasketchysummaryofthemainpointsofanargumentortheory.4、Asummarycontainsthemeatoftheoriginal,whereasanabstractcontainsonlyitsskeletalstructure.Howtowriteagoodsummary?Therearefivestepstodothis:(1)readtheoriginalpassagecarefully,gettheoverallpictureandathoroughunderstandingofit;(2)findoutthemainpointsandlisttheminnoteform;(3)rewritethemainpointinyourownwordsandconnectthem;(4)revisetheroughdraft,insertingtransitionwordsandphraseswherenecessarytoensurecoherence;(5)writeafaircopy.Summary写作注意事项1、Includeimportantideas,dataandconclusionsoftheoriginalasawhole.2、Usethirdpersonandpresenttense.3、Presentinyourownwords.Avoidcopyingwholesentencesoftheoriginal,Usekeywordsonlyandquotetheoriginalifneeded.4、Don’tputyourownopinionson,orsomethingthatdoesn’tappearintheoriginal.5、Makethesummaryclear,understandableandstandonitsown.6、Avoidwritinglikeanabstract,e.g.introducingthebackgroundandpurpose,explainingthekeywords,listingwhatisdoneandhowtheoriginalisorganized.7、Avoidingdetails.Beconciseandbrief.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：(1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。(2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。(3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。(4)避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。(5)压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为：”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为：“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”(6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为：”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”(7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为：”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”(8)使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。(9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”可以用第三人称概括为：KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddohardtoPaul’shealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.Summary常用句式Thisarticle/passagemainlytells(astory)about……Thispassagemainlydealswith/discusses/explores/……Inthispassage(about……),theauthor……Inthispassageabout……,theauthor……Theauthorbegantheessay/passagebytelling/presenting……First/Firstly/Inthebeginning/Inthefirstpart,theauthorargues/explains/mentions/states/pointsout(that)……Secondly/Next/Furtheron/Then/Inthenextpart/Inthemainpart,theauthorgoesonwith……Finally/Asaconclusion/,theauthorconcludes/adds/stressesthat……Finally,theauthorsummarizesthat……UsefulTransitionsandTransitionalPhrasesIntroductiontoaTopicasfor,concerning,withregardto,withrespectto,intermsofToSummarizeinall,inaword,inbrief,briefly,inotherwords,inshort,insummary,thatis,finally,generally,inconclusion,onthewhole,therefore,tosumup,toconclude,andso,thisshows,thusweseeToComparebycomparison,hereagain,inthesameway,inasimilarmanner,likewise,similarly,sotoo,as,also,equally,accordingly,moreover,as