裁判与法律

©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[]:,,:,?H.L.A.:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,(),,,?H.L.A.732007123,,,(OxfordJournalofLegalStudies,OJLS)27,20072,311-326(TimothyEndicott),,(ChairoftheLawBoard),©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,);1,,,,,(),2,,,,,(,),:,,,(),,,,3,,,11,,,,,,,,,,820093123,(TheConceptofLaw),:Clarendon1994,57,(TakingRightsSeriously),:Duckworth1977,51-53,JosephRaz,(PracticalReasonandNorms),1990,53-5820012,(HartsPostscriptandtheCharacterofPoliticalPhilosophy)(OxfordJournalofLegalStudies,OJLS)24,2004,1-37(JusticeinRobes),:2006©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,,,,),5,,,,:,(),6,,:,7,;/8,,:,,9:1.,()2.,()3.,,,,,?:,,,,(,,)9456789,41,,269;,43,,4,20,4©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,:,,?,:,,,1112,(),,;,,,,,,,,,,,0120093101112:,,,(,),,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(29Scarman),,;,,,KevinGray,:,,,,,13©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,),,:,13,,:,14,,,(),(),:,(),,,(),15,,,16:,,,,,,,17,,,:,,,111314151617,JohnFinnis,(NaturalLawandNaturalRights),1980,3121,,1353,,4,32©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,),,,?,,,;19,,()2021,,,(,,22),,,,,,,23,,,()24,,,,,,,:,;,,,,,212009318192021222324,,(3,,4),,(LawsEmpire,:1986,177),,:,3,,243,,24,(,)3,,32:,,,3,,35,,3.16,1287a19,:(TheReasonoftheLaw),(AmericanJournalofJurisprudence)48,2003,90-95©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,,,,,,(25),,(),,(,,),,,26,,/,,,,,,,,,,,27,,,,,,,(),:,,312526273,,4,,:Clarendon1980,271©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,;,29,,;,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,(,),,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,?,,41200932829JohnFennis,:(Naturallaw:TheClassicalTradition),JulesColemanScottShapiro:(OxfordHandbookofJurisprudenceandPhilosophyofLaw),2002,10-11JosephRaz(TheAuthorityofLaw,1979,97):,,:():,,,,,McLoughlinOBrianScarman,[1983]1AC410,429-430Fennis,Scarman,,,(,,)©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.()32,,33:,,34,,,35,,,,,,,:(),;,,,,,,513031323334353,,4,(3,,4),,,,,,,,13,(3,,20),:,,,,,:(ThirtyYearsOn),(HarvardLawReview)115,2002,1655,,3,,231,,269©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(36),,?,,,,,()(),,(),,,,,,(),,37,,,,,38,,,,,,,,,:?,,,39:(),:,;();,;,,,,,;,,,,,612009336373839,,321,,254,JohnEekelaar,:(JudgesandCitizens:TwoConceptionofLaw),(OJLS)22,2002,508BrianLeiter,,(LegalRealism,HardPositivism,andtheLimitsofConceptualAnaly2sis),JulesColeman:,2001,355362,253,253-254©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,,,,,42,,43,,,(),,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,/,,44:,,()7140414243441,,250,,,1,,254,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(),,,,,,(),(1)(),(2),(3),,,(),,,,,,,,,,,(,),,,,(),:(,),,,,8120093©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,(),;,,(),[Abstract]Itcanbecompatiblewithjusticeandtheruleoflawforacourttoimposeanewlegalliabilityretrospectivelyonadefendant.Butthejudgedoesnotneedtodistinguishwhetherhe/sheisimposinganewliability,orgivingeffecttoaliabilitythedefendanthadalreadybeenheldwhenthedisputearose.Thedistinctioncansimplybedrawnbyconsideringthefollow2ingpoint,thatis,uponwhatreasonsfordecisionsthevariousinstitutionsunderthelegalsystemhadauthorizedthecourttotakeactionconcerned.Theauthorexplainstheseconclusionsbycom2mentingthelastepisodeinthedebatesbetweenH.L.A.HartandRonaldDworkin.(:)91