搜索
测绘工程专业英语考试重点Geomatic测绘学Geosciences地球科学Geodesy大地测量学Cadastralsurveying地籍测量Geodeticsurveying大地测量Marinesurvey海洋测量Geologicalsurvey地质测量Controlsurvey控制测量Horizontalsurvey水平测量Verticalsurvey高程测量Topographicsurvey地形测量Tacheometry视距测量Contour等高线Chart图表Fieldwork外业Officework内业Elevation高程Basicpoint基准点Benchmark水准基点Stations测站Geoid水准面Vertical垂直Theodolite经纬仪Monumentation埋石Latitude纬度Longitude经度Primemeridian本初子午线Gravityfield重力场Curvature曲率Fixederror固定误差Proportionnalerror比例误差Multiplicationconstant乘常数Angle角度Zenithdistance天顶距Circle度盘Azimuth方位角Triangulation三角测量Traversing导线测量Triangulateration边角测量Controlnetwork控制网Forwardintersection前方交会Resection后方交会Sideintersection侧方交会Traverseangle导线折角Opentraverse支导线Closetraverse闭合导线Closelooptraverse闭合环导线Connectingtraverse符合导线Coordinateincrement坐标增量Trigonometricleveling三高程测量Horizontal水平距Rodplate尺垫Coordinates坐标系Geodetic大地基准Origin原点Parameter参数Mapprojection地图投影Equidistantprojection等距投影Equivalentprojection等积投影Orthographicprojection正射投影Differentialcorrection差分改正RealtimekinematicRTK实动定位Cartograph制图学Raster栅格光栅Embed嵌入Resolution分辨率Dataclassification数据分类Topologicalrelationship拓扑关系aerialphotogrammetry航空摄测量Remotesensing遥感InSAR干涉合成孔径雷达Prism棱镜Blunder/grosserror粗差Indexerror指标差Standarddeviation标准差Meansquareerror中误差Calibrate校准Normalequation法方程Spacesegment空间部分--------------------------settlementobservation沉陷观测deflectionobservation挠度观测propertylinesurvey建筑红线放样cross-sectionsurvey横断面测量geoidundulation大地水准面差距orthometricheight正高verylongbaselineinterferometry甚长基线干涉测量connectingtraverse附合导线zenithdistance天顶距hydrographicsurvey水道测量工程测量engineeringsurvey施工放样constructionlayoutorsetting-outsurvey竣工测量as-builtsurvey参考椭球referenceellipsoid参考卫星激光测距satellitelaserranging(SLR)重力场gravityfield测量平差adjustmentofobservationorsurveyadjustment多余观测redundantobservation点位中误差meansquareerrorofapoint粗差检验grosserrordetection自动目标识别automatictargetrecognition(ATR水准尺levellod平面控制网horizontalcontrolnetwork地籍测量cadastralsurveyingorpropertysurvey1.Surveyingistheartofmakingsuchmeasurementsoftherelativepositionsofpointsonthesurfaceoftheearththat,ondrawingthemtoscale,naturalandartificialfeaturesmaybeexhibitedintheircorrecthorizontalorverticalrelationships.测量是测定地面上各点的相对位置，以便根据它们之间正确的水平或竖直关系，按比例展示出天然地物和人工地物的一种技术。2.Theordinaryprocedureindeterminingelevations,suchasbalancingbacksightandforesightdistanceindifferentialleveling,automaticallytakesintoaccountthecurvatureoftheearthandcompensatesforearthcurvatureandrefraction,andelevationsreferredtothecurvedsurfaceofreferencearesecuredwithoutextraeffortbythesurveyor.在进行高程测量的一般程序中，比如水准测量中保持前后视距相等，自动考虑和补偿了地球曲率和大气折光的影响，基于曲面得到的高程仍然是可靠的，不需要测量员对数据进行进一步的处理。3.Thetypeofsurveyingthattakesthattakesintoaccountthetrueshapeoftheearthiscalledgeodeticsurveying.Thistypeofsurveyofsurveyissuitedforlargeareasandlonglinesandisusedtofindthepreciselocationofbasicpointsneededforestablishingcontrolforothersurveys.Ingeodeticsurveying，thestationsarenormallylongdistancesapart,andmorepreciseinstrumentsandsurveyingmethodsarerequiredforthistypeofsurveyingthanforplanesurveying.这种类型的测量考虑到地球曲率的影响，被称为大地测量。这种类型的测量的特点是区域广、基线长，用来测定控制点的精确位置。在大地测量中，测站之间距离长，需要使用比平面测量中更精密的仪器和测量方法。4.Distancebetweentwopointscanbehorizontal,slope,orvertical.两点之间距离可以是水平的，倾斜的或垂直的。orizontalandslopedistancescanbemeasuredwithlotsoftechniquesofmeasurementdependingonthedesiredqualityoftheresult.水平距离和倾斜距离测量有多种方法，取决于测量的精度要求。5.TheadventofEDMinstrumenthascompletelyrevolutionizedallsurveyingprocedures,resultinginachangeofemphasisandtechniques.Distancecannowbemeasuredeasily,quicklyandwithgreataccuracy,regardlessofterrainconditions.电子测距仪的问世给测量程序带来一场深刻的革命，导致了重点与技术的改变。不管地形情况如何，距离测量现在都变得简单、迅速，而且有很高的精度。5.MorecompleteEDMinstrumentsalsohavethecapacityofmeasuringhorizontalandverticalorzenithanglesaswellastheslopedistance.Theseinstrumentsreferredtoastotalstationinstruments.更集成的电子测距仪除测量斜距外，同时还具备测量水平角、竖直角和天顶距的功能。这类仪器一般称之为全站仪。6.Controlnetworksrangefromsmall,simpleandinexpensivetolargeandcomplexandveryexpensivetoestablish.控制网的类型从小区域的、简单的、便宜的到大范围的、复杂的、价格昂贵的不等。7.Themethodofsurveyingcalledtriangulationisbasedonthetrigonometricpropositionthatifonesideandthreeanglesofatriangleareknown,theremainingsidescanbecomputedbythelawofsines.这种测量方法称为三角测量，是基于如下三角形定理：如果三角形的一条边长和三个内角已知，那么其余的边长可以根据正弦定理计算得到。Furthermore,ifthedirectionofonesideisknown,thedirectionoftheremainingsidescanbedetermined.Andthecoordinatesofunknownpointscanbecomputedbyapplicationoftrigonometry.此外，如果其中一条边的方向已知，其余边的方向就可以确定。故未知点的坐标可以由三角公式计算得到。8.SincetheadventofEDMequipment,traversinghasemergedasthemostpopularmethodtoestablishcontrolnetworkssuchasbasicareacontrol,mapping,controlofhydrographicsurveysandconstructionprojects.自从电子测距仪问世，导线测量已成为建立控制网最常用的方法，比如基本的区域控制，制图，水文测量和建筑工程的控制等。9.Inengineeringsurveying,itisidealwaytosurveysanddimensionalcontrolofroute-typeprojectssuchashighway,railroad,andpipelineconstruction.在工程测量中，导线测量是线状工程的测量和尺寸控制的理想方法，比如公路、铁路、管线施工等。10.Anindirectmeasurementrequirescalculationandcanbedeterminedfromitsmathematicalrelationshipstodirectmeasurementswhenitisnotpossibleorpracticaltomakedirectmeasurements.Forexample,stationcoordinatescanbemathematicallycomputedby