语言学-简答(5页)

《简明语言学》简答&论述一、简答题1、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.2、Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.3、Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.4、Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalsohowtheyarerelated.5、Thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofindividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingwithexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionofmeaning.6、Explainandgiveexamplestoshowinwhatwaycomponentialanalysisissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures.7、ExplainsociologicaltriggersforlanguagechangebygivingatypicalexampleinthehistoryofEnglish.8、Explainbrieflythefourmainindividuallearnerfactorsthataffectalearner'sacquisitionofasecondlanguage.9、Givesomelexicalitemstoillustratesocialdialects.Trytoexplaintheirconnotations.20points10、WhatcanthisrulemeaninEnglishgrammar?10points11、Definethefollowingsoundsintermsofarticulatoryfeatures10points12、TrytotellsomeofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesenominalconstructions.Supplysomeexamples.10points13、Trytodiscussasmanyaspossiblethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.15points14、Whatcanlinguisticsdoforlanguagelearningandteaching?(10points)15、Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?16、Whydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandinformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguisticelements?Supportyourstatementwithexamples.17、Describetheprocessoflanguageperception,comprehensionandproduction五、论述题1、Paraphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticrulesaccountfortheambiguityofsentences.(1)Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.(2)Hesawyoungmenandwomenpresent.(3)Theyweresurprisedatthepresident'sappointment.2、Decidethemeaningofthefollowingaffixesandgiveeachaffixtwoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age3、Underwhatconditionswilltwosoundsbeassignedtothesamephoneme?4、Forthefollowingsentence,drawatreediagramtorevealitsunderlyingstructure.Thegirlatetheorange.5、StudythepassagetakenfromShakespeare’sHAMLETbelowcarefullyandidentifyeverydifferenceinexpressionbetweenElizabethanandModernEnglishthatisevident.King:WhereisPolonius?Hamlet:Inheaven,Sendthithertosee.Ifyourmessengerfindhimnotthere,seekhimi’theotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnosehimasyougoupthestairsintothelobby.ActIV,Sceneiii6、CommentonthefollowingconversationintermsofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple:A:Where’veyoubeen?B:Out.7、Analysethefollowingwordsandshowhowmanymorphemeseachofthemcontains:specialize,indisputable,individualistic,downfall,unexceptionableness,ungentlemanliness8、Wecanusethepattern“itis……”toemphasizeanypartofasentenceexceptthepredicate.Whatcanwedoifwemustemphasizeit?Pleasegiveexamplestohighlightyouremphasisofanypartofthissentence:15pointsIboughtabookinthecityyesterday.9、Observethefollowingsentences:老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。老王找到老张，才找到儿子。Whichsentenceisclearinitsmeaning?Whichoneisunclear?Trytoexplainwhy.PointoutsomefeaturesoftheChineselanguage.10points10、DeterminerPhrase(DP)isthenamenewlygiventotheNPingenerativegrammar.ADPcanbeaformlike1)abook;2)thebook;3)books;4)obook.ThisnamemaybebetterthantheoldnameofNPinthatitremindsusofsthwhenwe(Chinesespeakers)learnorteachEnglish.Doyouagreetothis?Trytotellanythingsignificanthere.(10points)