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Unit5ThemeparksLearningaboutlanguageWordFormationGrammar•掌握一些英语构词法,对单词的记忆和理解有很大的帮助,下面我们将列举一些常用的构词法:•1.合成(Compounding)2.转化(Conversion)3.派生(Derivation)英语构词法(WordFormation)1.合成(Compounding)由两个或更多的词合成一个词,有的用连字符号“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起。e.g.wood(木)＋cut(刻)＝woodcut(木刻)man(人)＋kind(种类)＝mankind(人类)air(空气,空中)＋sick(恶心的,晕的)＝airsick(晕机的)merry-go-round旋转木马up-to-date最新的life-size与真人一般大复合形容词的构成方式例词形容词＋形容词red-hot,bitter-sweet,形容词＋名词first-class,full-time,形容词＋现在分词good-looking,形容词＋过去分词ready-made形容词＋名词-edgood-tempered,名词＋名词-ediron-willed名词＋形容词world-famous，名词＋现在分词beauty-loving,复合形容词的构成方式例词名词＋过去分词man-made,副词＋形容词ever-green,副词＋现在分词hard-working,副词＋过去分词well-prepared,数词＋名词five-year,数词＋名词+形容词five-year-old,数词＋名词-edfour-legged,复合名词的构成方式例词名词＋名词horseback,bank-note,形容词＋名词back-yard,forehead，动名词＋名词hiding-place,reading-room动词＋副词get-off,break-in,breakdown,副词＋动词output,overflow动词＋名词pickpocket,break-water副词＋名词overcoat,inland代词＋名词he-goat,she-wolf名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief,father-in-law其他复合词的构成方式例词复合动词名词＋动词day-dream，sun-bathe副词＋动词overcome,upturn，形容词＋动词white-wash复合副词名词+名词sideways名词+副词headfirst形容词+名词meanwhile介词+名词beforehand其他复合词的构成方式例词复合代词代词宾格或物主代词+self(selves)himself,ourselves某些不定代词+body(one,thing)everyone(everybody,everything),nobody(noone,nothing)2.转化(conversion)由一种词类转换成另一种词类。（即一般拼写不变,但是词类发生了变化，有时发音也变化）e.g.watern.水----waterv.浇水dirtyadj.脏的----dirtyv.弄脏e.g.Thereisabookonthedesk.Didyoubookaseatontheplane.名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词名词转化为形容词副词转换为动词telephone电话→打电话slow慢的→放慢front前面→前面的down向下→击倒hand手→交给warm暖的→使温暖black黑色→黑色的back向后→后退转化法举例动词转化为名词动词转化为形容词形容词转化为名词一些形容词前加the后转换为名词drink喝→饮料perfect使完善→完美的chief主要的→首领thewounded受伤的人们3.派生(Derivation)由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词.1)后缀(suffix)①名词后缀-oractorsailor-istscientist-mentachievementmovement-(a)tionpreparationexception-ydifficultydiscovery②形容词后缀-fulusefulcheerful-ablecomfortableenjoyable-edmannedcultured-lesscarelessfearless-iveactivedecisive-anEuropeanIndian③动词后缀-izerealizemodernize-enwidenstrengthen④副词后缀-lyreallyextremely-wardbackwardeastward⑤数词后缀-teenfourteenfifteen-tyfortyfifty-thninthtwelfth表示人和物的名词后缀后缀意义用法例词表示人er从事…职业的人，做…的人，…地方的人加在动词、名词、形容词上teacher,workerlearner,or与-er同义外来后缀，加在外来词上visitor,educatoreer从事于...的人用于外来词engineer,mountaineer后缀意义用法例词表示人-ess女……的加于名词后，表示阴性actress,waitress-ian……(专)家，加在以-ic结尾的名词或形容词上physician,politicianmusician-ist从事……职业的人，从事某种……文艺、学术的人加在名词上，或–ize结尾的动词上，或以-al结尾的其它词上artist,socialist表示物-er表示从事某工作的物加在动词和名词或复合词上washer,fiver-or表示从事某工作的物加在动词上receptor用法例词表示“人”,加在动词上listener,adviser,speaker,writer,turner,driver,teacher,worker,singer表示“人”,加在名词上banker,officer,lawyer,prisoner表示“人”,加在某些地点名词或某些形容词Londoner,NewYorker,villager,Britisher,foreigner表示“人”,加在复合词上housekeeper,bookseller,后缀-er构词能力用法例词表示“物”,加在动词上washer,boiler,container,表示“物”，加在名词上steamer表示“物”,加在复合词上loudspeaker既表示“人”也表示“物”,加在动词上fighter,printer,recorder,ruler后缀-er构词能力抽象名词和集合名词的后缀后缀意义例词-age表示行为(结果)、状态/总称/费用storage,package,postage,marriage-ure表示行为、其过程或结果failure,temperature,pressure,pleasure,-ity表示性质状态/程度majority,opportunity,infinity-ment表示行为/动作结果/具体事物argument,statement,achievement-ion表示行为/过程状态/情况/性质action,protection后缀意义例词-ism表示制度/主义学说/行为，communism,criticism,-y表示境遇、性质，营业，全体,行为difficulty,discovery-al表示动作、行为arrival,refusal,disapproval,-ness表示性质、状态、程度kindness,illness,-ship表示身份、职业、性质、citizenship,friendship,hardship,后缀意义例词-hood表示身份、亲属关系、性质childhood,brotherhood-ance表示动作或性质appearance,entrance-th表示动作、度量、性质、状态strength,growth,length-dom表示地位、领域、集体、状态、性质kingdom,filmdom,后缀为-ion的名词规则例词几乎所有以-ate结尾的动词在变为名词时首先去掉e再加-ion.educate/education,liberate/liberation,translate/translation多数以-t结尾的动词直接在词尾加-ion,少数以-te结尾的动词首先去掉e再加-ion.act/action,invent/invention,inspect/inspection,select/selection,多数以-ss结尾的动词直接加-ion.discuss/discussion,oppress/oppression,规则例词多数以-de结尾与少数以-d结尾的动词先把-de或-d变成-s再加-ion.decide/decision,divide/division,provide/provision,以-mit结尾的动词，先把t变成-ss,再加-ion.admit/admission,commit/commission规则例词多数以-fy结尾的动词先把y改成i再加-cation,少数以-efy或-fy结尾的动词先去掉y再加action.satisfy/satisfaction,modify/modification,有些动词不是加-ion,而是加-ition,-tion,-ation或-sion而变成名词，其中有些词根因读音关系而发生了变化。add/addition,attend/attention,absorb/absorption,describe/description,形容词后缀后缀意义例词-able可/能……的valuable,horrible,-al有……性质的natural,-ant,-ent……的important,pleasant,-ic,……性质的，与……有关的atomic,electric,后缀意义例词-ish稍带……的,……气的，……民族的,……语的childish,bookish-ed有……的,有……特征的tired,interested,-en由……构(制)成的wooden,widen-ive有……倾向的/性质的instructive,expensive后缀意义例词-ful充满……的,引起……的thankful,powerful,tearful-less无/不……的不能……的homeless,harmless,-ous充满……的,有……特性的famous,nervous-ly有……性质的,……形状的yearly,daily,orderly-y有/多……的,想……的cloudy,sunny,后缀用法及意义例词-ward-wards加在名词或副词后，表示“向……的”forward,backward,upward,downward,toward,northward,副词后缀后缀意义例词-fy使成为,使……化beautify,satisfy,terrify,purify-ish使……,令……finish,accomplish,punish,furnish,publish,-ize-ize使成,变成，modernize,democratize,revolutionize,realize,2)前缀(prefix)一般不造成词类的转变,只是引起意思的变化e.g.un-(不,或做相反动作)unhappyundoim-(不)impossibleimpolitere-(重新)retellrewritemis-(错误的)misunderstand个别前缀会引起词类的变化e.g.en-(使得…)endangerenlargea-asleepawake前缀意义用法例词un-不,未(=not)加在形容词或副词前unhappy,unnecessary,untouched,相反动作加在动词前uncover,untie,unwrap,unlock前缀意义用法例词mis-表示错、误加在名词、动词或及其派生词前mistake,misfortune,misr