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Non-verbalcommunicationWhatdoyouthinkthisindicates?Whatistherelationbetweenthesetwopersons?Whatdoesthissignify?Whattypeofpersonisthislady?Whatarehisthoughts?Whatmessagesdoyougetfromthispicture?Whatisnon-verbalcommunication?Gesture手势Facialexpressions脸部表情Eyecontact眼神交流Bodycontact身体接触Bodydistance身体间的距离Whatisnon-verbalcommunication?Clothing衣着Color颜色Dance舞蹈Painting图画symbol标识OverviewofNonverbalCommunication•1.BodyLanguage–Generalappearanceanddress–Gestures–Eyecontact–Facialexpression–Posture–Touching•2.Paralanguage–Silence–Pitch–Volumn•3.EnvironmentLanguage–Space–TimeNon-verbalcommunication•EdwardHall:“SilentLanguage”in1959,laidthefoundationforthestudyofnon-verbalcommunication.•Communicationtheoristsassert:Infacetofacecommunication,lessthan30%ofcommunicationisverbalinnature.Over70%ofcommunicationstakesplacenonverbally.93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbyvoicetoneandfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%wastransmittedbywords.Definingnon-verbalcommunication•Non-verbalcommunicationis“allthosemessagesthatpeopleexchangebeyondthewordsthemselves.”•Nonverbalmessagesmaybebothintentionalandunintentional.•Asystemofsymbols,signsandgesturesdevelopedandusedbymembersofaculturetobringspecificmessagestoexpression.(Sitaram&Cogdell;MinisterievanWVC,1991)•Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)•非语言交际包括一个交际环境中所有那些非语言刺激因素。这些刺激因素产生于说话人（源头）和他或她对周围环境的利用，同时这些刺激因素对于说话人或听话人（接收者）而言都具有潜在的信息价值.Differentcategorization•对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见Samovaretal．，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划分出以下几个子系统：安德逊（Andersen)（1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。（2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义。（3）身势学（kinesics）——研究人们的面部表情（facialexpression）、身体动作（bodymovements）、手势（gestures）等。（4）体触学（haptics）——研究身体接触所传达的信息。安德逊（Andersen)（5）外表（physicalappearance）——研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。（6）目光学（oculesics）——研究人们通过目光接触（eyecontact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠转动（eyemovements）及瞳孔放大（pupildilation）等所传达的信息。（7）副语言（paralanguage／vocalics）——研究声音的非言语成分（nonverbalelements）所传达的信息。（8）嗅觉学（olfactics）——研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。Clothingandbodilycharacteristics•Elementssuchasphysique,height,weight,hair,skincolor,gender,odors,andclothingsendnonverbalmessagesduringinteraction.•Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Clothing•Clothing•Functionofclothing•----forprotection•----formodesty•----fordisplayofatypeofculture•DressCode•----Dresscodespecifiedforoccasion•----Dresscodespecifiedforinstitution•----DresscodespecifiedforprofessionClothingandbodilycharacteristics•Muslingirlsusuallywearscarves(披肩）tocovertheirheads,andinmostinstance,“girlsarenotallowedtoparticipateinswimmingclassesbecauseoftheprohibitions（禁令）againstexposingtheirbodies.”Modesty（端庄）ishighlyvaluedamongArabs.•Perhapsnowhereintheworldisthemerger（联合体）betweenattire（服装）andaculture’svaluesystemmoreevidentthaninJapan.“Theproclivity(倾向,癖性)forconservativedressstylesandcolorsemphasizesthenation’scollectivismand,concomitantly(同时地）,lessensthepotentialforsocialdisharmonyarisingfromnonconformist（不墨守成规的）attire.”•Researchfoundthatheightwasakeyfactoraffectingwhowaspromoted.Proxemics-physicalspaceincommunication•Spaceincludesthepersonalspaceandterritoriality.•Animalsandhumanbeingsbothstakeout（标出）todefendtheirterritories.•Theterritorialinvasionofacountrymayleadtothedeclarationofwar.Butpeopleasindividualsmaynotbesopugnacious(好斗的).•Amoretangible（有形的）formofcommunicationbetweenpeopleistheuseandcontrolofspace.Personalspace•Thepersonalspaceistheportableterritorywithinvisibleboundariesthatexpandorcontract,dependingonthesituation.•Inotherword,wecarrybodybubbleswithuswhicharelikeinvisiblewallsthatdefinedourpersonalspace.•Whatmightbethefactorsthatwillaffectpersonalspaceofpeople?•decisivefactors:theirgender,age,culturalsettingandrelationshiptotheirtalkingpartners.0-45cm45-80cm1.3-3m2-3mNorthAmericans’distancehabit•0~50cm:intimateloversandfamilymembers(intimatespace)•50~120cm:friends(personalspace)•120~270cm:acquaintances(socialspace)•270cm:publicspace,notbelongtooneself•Behind:strangersspeakingfrombehindareallowedtostandmuchmorenearer.BodydistanceShortMediumLongLatinsMediterraneanArabsMediterraneanEuropeansJapaneseAmericansNorthernEuropeansWheretosit?ChoosetheseatanddescribewhyChronemics-timeincommunication•Thewayweperceivetime,structureourtimeandreacttotimeisapowerfulcommunicationtool,andhelpssetthestageforcommunication.•Timeconception:punctuality,willingnesstowait,thespeedofspeech,howlongpeoplearewillingtolisten.•Monochronictimeandpolychronictime.Movementandbodyposition•Whatiskinesics?Gestures,bodymovements,facialexpressions,andeyecontactarebehaviorstermedkinesics.•Communicationdependsheavilyontheactions,postures,movements,andexpressionsofourbodies.Posture•Amanandawomanmetonthetrainplatform.Willthewomanaccepttheman’sgreetingfriendly?Shewon