英国文学18世纪

LOGOThe18thCenturyTheAgeofEnlightenmentinEngland1688-1798(18世纪萌芽时期）1.ThebackgroundoftheEnlightenment2.ThedevelopmentoftheEnlightenment3.ThemainEnlighteners（theEnglishEnlightenersandFranceEnlighteners）4.ThemainachievementsoftheEnlightenment5.TheinfluenceofEnlightenment1、BackgroundThe18thcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovement，knownastheEnlightenment，whichwasonthewhole，anexpressionofstruggleofbourgeoisie（资产阶级）againstfeudalism（封建主义）.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality，stagnation，prejudiceandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualneedsandrequirementsofpeople.2.ThedevelopmentoftheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentbeganinthe18thcenturyofEurope，andfirstinEngland.AndthenitspreadinFrance，German，andRussia，besides，Holland，Belgiumandothercountrieswasalsoinvolved.FrancewasthecenteroftheEnlightenment，comparedwiththeEnlightenmentofothercountries，theFrance’swasthemostsplendidandinfluential，whichcouldbetheembodimentoftheEuropeEnlightenment.3.ThemainEnlighteners（theEnglishEnlightenersandFranceEnlighteners）TheRepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentinEnglishliteraturewereJosephAddisonandRichardSteele，theessayists，andAlexanderPope，thepoet.Intheirworks，thesewriterscriticizeddifferentaspectsofcontemporaryEngland，discussedsocialproblems，andeventorcheduponmoralityandprivatelife.TheliteratureoftheEnlightenmentinEnglandmainlyappealedtothemiddleclassreaders.JosephAddision约瑟夫·艾迪生RichardSteele理查德·斯梯尔AlexanderPope亚历山大·蒲柏(1688-1744）TheFranceEnlightenersVoltaire（伏尔泰）wastheleaderoftheEnlightenmentofFrance.HisthoughtsinfluencedthewholeEuropedeeplytherefor，itissaidthatthe18thcenturyistheageofVoltaire.CharlesdeSecondat孟德斯鸠(1689.1.18-1755.2.10)DenisDiderot狄德罗(1713.10.5–1784.7.30)Jean-JacquesRousseau让·雅克·卢梭（1712-1778）4.ThemainachievementsoftheEnlightenmenta.“Separationoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudicialpowers”,“thespiritofthelaws”b.“aconstitutionalmonarchy”,“thelawisnorespecterofpersons”c.ThefirstFrance“Encyclopedia”d.“Theprerogativesofaperson”5.TheinfluenceofEnlightenmenta.theEnlightenmentthinkerscriticizedfeudalismanditsspiritualpillar——theCatholicChurch,anddepictedthefuturerationalkingdomblueprintb.PreparationfortheFranceRevolutionc.Itinfluencedmanyothercountriesallaroundtheworlddeeply,andlotsofthemasterpiecesoftheEnlightenerswereintroducedtoChina,JapanandotherAsiacountries,encouragingtheirnationalmovementsagainsttheoldsociety.Afterthetempestouseventsofthe17thcentury,Englandenteredaperiodofacomparativelypeacefuldevelopment.TheRevolutionof1688,whichbanishedthelastoftheStuartkingsandcalledWilliamofOrange(husbandofkingJamesII’daughterMary)tothethrone,markstheendofthelongstruggleforpoliticalfreedominEngland.Nosoonerwerethepeopleincontrolofthegovernmentthantheydividedintohostileparties:theliberalWhigs,whoweredeterminedtosafeguardpopularliberty,andtheconservativeTories,withtendermemoriesofkingcraft,whowouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhand.SocialBackgroundOntheextremeofTorysimwasathirdpartofzealots,calledtheJacobites(詹姆斯党),whoaimedtobringtheStuartsbacktothethrone,andwhoforfiftyyearsfilledBritainwithplotsandrebellion.“GreatBritain”,asthenationcametobecalledafteranActofUnionin1707joinedScotlandtoEnglandandWales.Britainbecomeaworldpower,anempireonwhichthesunneverset.·Theworldseemeddifferentin1785.Asenseofnew,transformedthedailylifeoftheBritishpeople.·Theshiftinpopulationfromthecountrytothetown.•Therevolutionofscience.•Newspaperbroughtnewsourcesforpeople’sdailylife.•ThetradeandconqueststhatmadeEuropeanpowerslikeSpainandPortugalimmenselyrichalsobroughtthescourgeofracismandcolonialexploitation.LiteraryDevelopment1.Neo-classicism2.sentimentalism3.Modernnovel4.Romanticism5.Englishdrama1.Neoclassicism新古典主义TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Addison,Steele,Popebelongedtothisschool.AlexanderPope(1688-1744)AddisonandSteelethetwonameslinkedtogetherbecauseoftheirlife-longfriendshipandthepartnershipinliterarycareer.2.Sentimentalism感伤主义Sentimentalismindulgedinemotionandsentiment.CriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution.Theyreactagainstanythingrationalandtoadvocatethatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.OneoftherepresentativeswasThomasGrayofthisschool.3.ThebeginningofmodernnovelModernEnglishnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Swift,Richardson,Fielding,SmollettandSterne.DanielDefoe’sRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.HenryFielding亨利·菲尔丁（1707－1754）DanielDefoe丹尼尔·笛福1660-1731JonathanSwift乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667-1745)4.CharacteristicsofPre-RomanticismRomanticismhasfiveprominentcharacteristics:(1).TheRomanti