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1InOtherWords:ACoursebookonTranslationMonaBakerAnEgyptianprofessoroftranslationstudiesattheUniversityofManchesterinEngland,andaneditorofTheTranslatorandeditorialdirectorofSt.JeromePublishing.ShefirstarrivedatUMIST(TheUniversityofManchesterInstituteofScienceandTechnology)in1995andbecameaprofessortherein1997.SheprovidescommentaryontheMiddleEastconflict,andresearchintranslationandinterculturalstudies.ThesitealsohassectionsontheboycottofIsraeliacademicinstitutions,IsraelandPalestinianuniversities,generalopinionsontheMiddleEastandcallsforboycottofIsraeliproductsandservices.ScheduleWeek1Chapter1+2Week23+4Week35Week46Week57EachWeek:Theory2hours+Practice1hourTERMINOLOGYBacktranslationWordMorphemeLexicalmeaningPropositionalmeaningExpressivemeaningPresupposedmeaningSelectionalrestrictionCollocationalrestrictionEvokedmeaningDialectRegisterFieldTenorModeSemanticfieldLexicalsetsSuperordinateHyponymLoanwordFalsefriendBacktranslation:aprocessinwhichatextthathasbeentranslatedintoagivenlanguageisretranslatedintothesourcelanguage.P8Word:thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcanbeusedbyitself.P11Morpheme:theminimalformalelementofmeaninginlanguage;aunitwhichcannotcontainmore2thanoneelementofmeaningandcannotbefurtheranalyzed.P11Lexicalmeaning:thespecificvalueawordhasinaparticularlinguisticsystemandthe“personality”itacquiresthroughusagewithinthatsystem.P12Propositionalmeaning:themeaningofawordoranutterancewhicharisesfromtherelationbetweenitandwhatitreferstoordescribesinarealorimaginaryworld,asconceivedbythespeakersoftheparticularlanguagetowhichthewordorutterancebelongs.P13Expressivemeaning:themeaningofawordoranutterancewhichrelatestothespeaker’sfeelingsorattituderatherthantowhatwordsandutterancesreferto.P13Presupposedmeaning:themeaningofawordoranutterancewhicharisesfromco-occurrencerestrictions,i.e.restrictionsonwhatotherwordsorexpressionsweexpecttoseebeforeorafteraparticularlexicalunit.P14Selectionalrestriction:1.arestrictiononthechoiceofindividuallexicalunitsinconstructionwithotherlexicalunits.E.g.breathwilltypically“select”ananimatesubject,notanabstractoraninanimate.2.Arestrictionimposedonthepotentialreferentsofaphrase,etc.relatedtoit:e.g.pregnantwilltypically“select”asubjectreferringtosomeoneorsomeanimalthatisfemale.P14Collocationalrestriction:anyrestrictiononthecollocabilityofoneindividualwordwithanother.P14Evokedmeaning:themeaningwhicharisesfromdialectandregistervariation.P15Dialect:Adialectisavarietyoflanguagewhichhascurrencywithinaspecificcommunityorgroupofspeakers.P15Register:avarietyoflanguagethatalanguageuserconsidersappropriatetoaspecificsituation.P15Fieldofdiscourse:Anabstracttermfor“whatisgoingon”thatisrelevanttothespeaker’schoiceoflinguisticitems.P16Tenorofdiscourse:Anabstracttermfortherelationshipsbetweenthepeopletakingpartinthediscourse.P16Modeofdiscourse:Anabstracttermfortherolethatthelanguageisplaying(speech,essay,lecture,instructions)andforitsmediumoftransmission(spoken,written).Halliday(1964)identifiesthreevariablesthatdetermineregister:Field(thesubjectmatterofthediscourse),Tenor(theparticipantsandtheirrelationships)andMode(thechannelofcommunication,e.g.spokenorwritten).Semanticfield:adistinctpartofthelexicondefinedbysomegeneraltermorconcept.E.g.inEnglishthesemanticfieldofcolourincludeswordssuchasblackandred.P18Lexicalsets:theactualwordsandexpressionsundereachsemanticfield.P18Superordinate:awordthemeaningofwhichincludesthemeaningofanotherwordorwords.P20Hyponym:awordwhosemeaningisincludedinthatofanotherword.P20Loanword:awordimportedbyborrowingfromanotherlanguage.P25Falsefriend:wordsorexpressionswhichhavethesameformintwoormorelanguagesbutconveydifferentmeanings.P25Correspondence:atermusedtorefertotherelationshipwhichexistsbetweenelementsofSLandTLthatareinsomewayconsideredtobecounterpartsofeachother.Equivalence:(seecorrespondence)Domestication(domesticatingtranslation):atermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforTLreaders.Foreignization(foreignizingtranslation):atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichaTTisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.SL(sourcelanguage):thelanguageinwhichthetextbeingtranslatediswritten.TL(targetlanguage):thelanguagewhichisbeingtranslatedinto.3ST(sourcetext):thetext(writtenorspoken)whichprovidesthepointofdepartureforatranslation.TT(targettext):atextwhichhasbeenproducedbyanactoftranslation.SL-orientedtranslation:atranslationwhichputsitsemphasisontheclosetransferofthesourcetext.TL-orientedtranslation:atranslationwhichputsemphasisontheresponseofthereceptoroftheTT.Chapter2EquivalenceatwordlevelOutline2.1TheWordinDifferentLanguages2.1.1Whatisaword?2.1.2Isthereaone-to-onerelationshipbetweenwordandmeaning?2.1.3Introducingmorphemes2.2LexicalMeaningPropositionalmeaning,expressivemeaning,presupposedmeaning,evokedmeaning2.2.1Propositionalvsexpressivemeaning2.2.2PresupposedmeaningSelectionalrestriction&collocationalrestriction2.2.3Evokedmean