定语从句

限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况,是主句不可或缺的一部分,若省去,主句意义不完整,甚至没有意义对主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情况,起补充说明作用,若省去,主句意义仍完整结构要求紧跟先行词,主句和从句间不用逗号分开主句和从句间用逗号分开功能修饰先行词既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个句子引导词关系代词:who，whom，whose，which，that关系副词：when，where，why关系代词:who，whom，whose，which，as关系副词：when，whereThisisthehouse(which)weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。Theman(whom/that/who)Imetinthestreetwasadriver.我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。Hismother,wholovedhimverymuch,diedin1998.他的母亲很爱他,但在1998年去世了。注意:①专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义,通常只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。LuXun,whodiedin1936,wasafamouswriterinChina.鲁迅于1936年去世,是中国一位著名的作家。②既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制性定语从句,注意意义上的差别。Thereare20studentsinthisclasswhoarefromthenortheastofChina.在这个班里,有20名来自中国东北的学生。Thereare20studentsinthisclass,whoarefromthenortheastofChina.这个班有20名学生,他们来自中国的东北。(一)关系代词that关系副词代替功能在从句中的成分例句when(＝at/on/in/duringwhich)时间名词时间状语Shestillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)shewontheprize.她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。where(＝in/atwhich)地点名词地点状语Thisisthefactorywhere(atwhich)hisfatheronceworked.这就是他父亲曾经工作过的工厂。(二)关系副词why(＝forwhich)reason原因状语Hedidn'tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hewasdismissed.他不知道他为什么被解雇了。注意:①在口语和非正式场合,when,where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词＋which”结构可用that来代替并可省略。Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？②why或that引导的定语从句,先行词是reason,且reason又作主句主语时,表语从句不能用because引导,而要用that引导。其句型为：Thereasonwhy...isthat...或Thereasonthat...isthat...。Thereasonwhyhewaslateforschoolwasthathewasinjuredinthetrafficaccidentonhiswaytoschool.他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤了。Thereasonthatheexplainedatthemeetingwasthathehadtolookafterhismotherinhospital.他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。③“地点模糊”的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句。当先行词为point,situation,conditions,case,position,stage,scene,spot,activity,family,job等表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时,用where引导定语从句,where相当于fromwhich,underwhich等,表示“在这种情况下”,“从……中”等。We’rejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。(三)关系代词与关系副词的选择依据1.考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分,如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语,就用关系副词。ThehouseHaveyouaskedherforthereasonneedsrepairing.他住的房子需要修理。whereheliveswhich/thathelivesin你是否问过她缺席的原因？that/whichmyexplainherabsence?whyshewasabsent?2.辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。Idon’tlikethemanwhoalwaysspeaksillofothers.我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenweworkedtogether.我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。3.判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。Adictionaryisabookthatgivesthemeaningsofwords.词典是解释词语意思的书。Adictionaryisabook,whichgivesthemeaningsofwords.词典是一本书,它给出词语的意思。4.判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语,取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。ThisisthepointwhereIdisagree.这就是我不同意的地方。(disagree为不及物动词,故关系词用where。)Thisisthepoint(which/that)Idisagreewith.这就是我不同意的地方。(从句缺少介词with的宾语,用that/which引导,也可以省略)1.只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况。(1)先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时,用that不用which。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.ThisisthebestfilmthatIeverseen.(2)先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,something,anything,everything,none,nothing,some等时,用that不用which。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMrLisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做了。(3)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,oneof,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast,few,just等修饰时,用that不用which。Allthegueststhatwereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.这正是我要买的词典。Givemeanybooksthatyouwouldrecommend.给我你要推荐的书。(4)先行词既有人又有物,兼顾两者,用that不用which。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool.他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。(5)主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,用that不用which。Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁？WhichistheTshirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？(6)当先行词在主句中作表语,而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时,用that不用which。Shenzhenisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.深圳不再是过去的样子了。(7)主句是therebe句型时,修饰主语的定语从句用that不用which。Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.在那个角落还有一个座位空着。(8)有两个定语从句时,一个从句的关系代词已用which,另一个要用that。Thecountrybuiltupafactorywhichproducesthingsthathaveneverbeenseenbefore.这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的工厂。(9)用作关系副词,修饰表示时间的名词,如day,time,moment等代替when时,用that不用which。Ithappenedonthedaythat(when)hewasborn.这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。2.只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况。(1)关系代词前有介词时,用which不用that。Thechaironwhichshesatismadeofwood.她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,用which不用that。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.足球,一项非常有趣的运动,在全世界流行。(3)先行词后面有插入语时,用which不用that。HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI'vetoldyou,willhelpyouimproveyourEnglish.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语水平。(4)先行词本身就是that时,用which不用that。What’sthatwhichflashedintheskyjustnow?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？(5)代表主句中谓语的整体概念时,用which不用that。Hecanswiminthesea,whichIcan’t.他能在大海里游泳,我不能(在大海里游泳)。(6)代表整个主句时,用which不用that。Hebrokemycup,whichmademeangry.他打破了我的杯子,这使我很生气。3.只用who而不用that引导定语从句的情况。(1)先行词是指人的不定代词,如:one,ones,anyone,noone,those,all,nobody,anybody,none等时,用who不用that。Peoplealllikethosewhohavegoodmanners.人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。(2)在therebe句型中,多用who指代人。TherearesomepeoplewhowanttohaveholidaysinHainan.有一些想去海南度假的人。(3)当先行词指特定的人时,关系代词多用who,不指特定的人时,多用that。Theauntwhocametoseeuslastweekismyfather’syoungersister.上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。(4)在非限制性定语从句中作主语时,用who不用that。ProfessorWang,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.王教授已年过六旬,依然夜以继日努力工作着。(5)当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时,用who不用that。ProfessorSmit