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工业城市里高耸的烟囱，空气污染河道里堆满了人们的生活垃圾，水污染美丽的“西湖水”取水口因黄河的水污染停止取水。华夏的母亲河？2009年8月25日，印度博帕尔的一名小女孩蹲在雨中。雨水渗透含有碳化物的地表，进入地下水系，当地3万多名群众遭受着地下水污染的威胁。杀戮不曾停止2010年3月25日，云南。当地居民在“污水池”中取水。干旱+水污染=？2010年8月7日，甘肃舟曲特大泥石流北京，人们堵在路上。I.BackgroundInformationBarryCommoner(1917-)(bornMay28,1917)isanAmericanbiologist,collegeprofessor,andeco-socialist.HewasalsoeditorofScienceIllustrated(科学画报)magazine.CommonerwasborninBrooklyn.Hereceivedhisbachelor’sdegreeinzoologyfromColumbiaUniversity(1937)andhismaster’sanddoctoraldegreesfromHarvardUniversity(1938,1941).AfterservingintheUSNavyduringWWII,hemovedtoSt.LouiswherebecameaprofessorofplantphysiologyatWashingtonUniversity.Hetaughttherefor34yearsandduringthisperiod,in1966,hefoundedtheCenterfortheBiologyofNaturalSystemstostudy“thescienceofthetotalenvironment”.Inthelate1950s,Commonerbecamewell-knownforhisoppositiontonucleartesting.Hewentontowriteseveralbooksaboutthenegativeecologicaleffectsofabove-groundnucleartesting.His1971bookTheClosingCirclesuggestedaleft-wing,eco-socialistresponsetothelimitstogrowththesis,postulatingthatcapitalisttechnologieswerechieflyresponsibleforenvironmentaldegradation(恶化),asopposedtopopulationpressures.Hebelievedthattechnological,andaboveallsocialdevelopmentwouldleadtoanaturaldecreaseinbothpopulationgrowthandenvironmentaldamage.CommonercriticizedRonaldReaganandGeorgeBushforregulatingpollutionandnotpreventingit.ScienceandSurvival.1966.TheClosingCircle:Nature,Man,andTechnology.1971.ThePovertyofPower:EnergyandtheEconomicCrisis.1976.ThePoliticsofEnergy.1979.MakingPeaceWiththePlanet.1990.ThreeMileIsland(1979)三里岛事件TheaccidentattheThreeMileIslandUnit2(TMI-2)nuclearpowerplantnearMiddletown,Pennsylvania,onMarch28,1979,wasthemostseriousinU.S.commercialnuclearpowerplantoperatinghistory,eventhoughitledtonodeathsorinjuriestoplantworkersormembersofthenearbycommunity.Butitbroughtaboutsweepingchangesinvolvingemergencyresponseplanning,reactoroperatortraining,humanfactorsengineering,radiationprotection,andmanyotherareasofnuclearpowerplantoperations.ItalsocausedtheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissiontotightenandheightenitsregulatoryoversight(疏忽).1979年3月28日凌晨4时，美国宾夕法尼亚州的三里岛核电站第二组反应堆的操作室里，红灯闪亮，汽笛报警，涡轮机停转，堆心压力和温度骤然升高。2小时后，大量放射性物质溢出。6天以后，堆心温度才开始下降，蒸气泡消失--引起氢爆炸的威胁免除了。100吨铀燃料虽然没有熔化，但有60％的铀棒受到损坏，反应堆最终陷于瘫痪。事故发生后，全美震惊，核电站附近约20万居民撤出这一地区。在过去的30年间，三里岛事件成为不再进行新核能建筑开发的理由，全部核能的开发速度也大大放缓。TheChernobylDisaster(1986)乌克兰切尔诺贝利核电站事故史上最严重的核反应事故发生地。1986年4月26日，乌克兰切尔诺贝利核反应堆爆炸，核反应炉熔毁，大量辐射能排放到大气中，导致原子尘污染。污染还扩散到了西部国家，从当时的苏联到接近欧洲，数以万计的儿童被诊断为甲状腺癌，核反应爆炸区近20英里范围至今仍被封锁。4号反应堆被人们用巨大的石棺密封起来，这是个漫长的核退散过程。OnApril25-26th,1986,theWorld’sworstnuclearpoweraccidentoccurredatChernobylintheformerUSSR(nowUkraine).TheChernobylnuclearpowerplantlocated80milesnorthofKievhad4reactors(核反应堆)andwhiletestingreactornumber4numeroussafetyproceduresweredisregarded.At1:23amthechainreactioninthereactorbecameoutofcontrolcreatingexplosionsandafireballwhichblewoffthereactor’sheavysteelandconcretelid.TheChernobylaccidentkilledmorethan30peopleimmediately,andasaresultofthehighradiationlevelsinthesurrounding20-mileradius(半径),13500peoplehadtobeevacuated(撤离，疏散).800年：专家称消除切尔诺贝利核泄事故漏后遗症需800年；9.3万人：20年前的切尔诺贝利核电站事故造成致癌死亡人数约为9.3万人左右；27万人：27万人因切尔诺贝利核泄漏事故患上癌症，其中致死9.3万人；34万人：核泄漏事故发生后，前苏联立即疏散了11万多人，随后数年，又从污染严重地区搬迁了23万人，前后共疏散34万余人；……1984年12月2日深夜，联合碳化物公司(UnionCarbide)位于印度博帕尔的杀虫剂制造厂发生事故，45吨有毒化学成分从设备中泄露出来。数小时内上千人因此丧命。在接下来的数月时间里，又有1.5万人中毒身亡，近50万人不同程度受影响。受影响的人当中大多数人失明、器官坏死或是有其他身体故障。受污染区域中出生的婴儿，大多数也存在不同程度的问题和生理缺陷。1989年联合碳化物公司赔偿5亿美元给受害者们，这笔赔偿金都不够受害人10年的治疗费用。博帕尔仍是全球工业泄露灾难的重症区。WhathappenedinBhopal(印度博帕尔)?OnthenightofDec.2ndand3rd,1984,aUnionCarbideplantinBhopal,India,beganleaking27tonsofthedeadlygas.Noneofthesixsafetysystemsdesignedtocontainsuchaleakwereoperational,allowingthegastospreadthroughoutthecityofBhopal.Halfamillionpeoplewereexposedto(暴露于，接触到)thegasand20,000havediedtodateasaresultoftheirexposure.Morethan120,000peoplestillsufferfromailmentscausedbytheaccidentandthesubsequentpollutionattheplantsite.Theseailmentsincludeblindness,extremedifficultyinbreathing,andgynecological(妇科的)disorders.ThesitehasneverbeenproperlycleanedupanditcontinuestopoisontheresidentsofBhopal.II.AbouttheEssayMakingPeaceWiththePlanetisa1990bookbyBarryCommoner.Commonerarguesthat,despitebillionsofdollarsspenttosavetheenvironment,Americaisstillinadeepenvironmentalcrisis.Thebookarguesthatenvironmentalpollutioncanbepreventedonlythroughfundamentalredesignofthewayweproducegoods.1.EverythingisConnectedtoEverythingElse.Thereisoneecosphereforalllivingorganismsandwhataffectsone,affectsall.2.EverythingMustGoSomewhere.Thereisno“waste”innatureandthereisno“away”towhichthingscanbethrown.3.NatureKnowsBest.Humankindhasfashionedtechnologytoimproveuponnature,butsuchchangeinanaturalsystemis,saysCommoner,“likelytobedetrimentaltothatsystem.”4.ThereIsNoSuchThingasaFreeLunch.Exploitationofnaturewillinevitablyinvolvetheconversionofresourcesfromusefultouselessforms.OutlinePart1(para.1):introduction--themewhythetwoworldsareatwar1stlawoftheecosphere---man-madeobjectandsurroundingtheclosedcyclicalprocessofecosphere&thelinearprocessoftechnosphe